Early Cretaceous U–Pb zircon ages for the Copiapó plutonic complex and implications for the IOCG mineralization at Candelaria, Atacama Region, Chile

Four of the major plutons in the vicinity of the Candelaria mine (470 Mt at 0.95% Cu, 0.22 g/t Au, 3.1 g/t Ag) and a dike–sill system exposed in the Candelaria open pit have been dated with the U–Pb zircon method. The new geochronological data indicate that dacite magmatism around 123 Ma preceded the crystallization of hornblende diorite (Khd) at 118 ± 1 Ma, quartz–monzonite porphyry (Kqm) at 116.3 ± 0.4 Ma, monzodiorite (Kmd) at 115.5 ± 0.4 Ma, and tonalite (Kt) at 110.7 ± 0.4 Ma. The new ages of the plutons are consistent with field relationships regarding the relative timing of emplacement. Plutonism temporally overlaps with the iron oxide Cu–Au mineralization (Re–Os molybdenite ages at ∼115 Ma) and silicate alteration (ages mainly from 114 to 116 and 110 to 112 Ma) in the Candelaria–Punta del Cobre district. The dated dacite porphyry and hornblende diorite intrusions preceded the ore formation. A genetic link of the metallic mineralization with the quartz–monzonite porphyry and/or the monzodiorite is likely. Both of these metaluminous, shoshonitic (high-K) intrusions could have provided energy and contributed fluids, metals, and sulfur to the hydrothermal system that caused the iron oxide Cu–Au mineralization. The age of the tonalite at 110.7 Ma falls in the same range as the late alteration at 110 to 112 Ma. Tonalite emplacement may have sustained existing or driven newly developed hydrothermal cells that caused this late alteration or modified ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and K/Ar systematic in some areas.     

Iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) mineralization at the Imiter inlier,Eastern Anti-Atlas,Morocco

The Imiter inlier at the eastern Anti-Atlas chain (Morocco) hosts a world-class epithermal Ag-Hg deposit, and several occurrences of sulfide-magnetite mineralization. These occurrences are confined to transcurrent faults that cut mildly to highly potassic I- and S-type granite intrusions (e.g., Igoudrane, Bou Teglimt, Taouzzakt and Bou Fliou).In this contribution, we present new field, petrographic and microanalytical data of the Bou Fliou sulfide-magnetite mineralization in the northwestern part of the Bou Teglimt granodiorite intrusion (567?±?6Ma). Field and microscopic investigations reveal pervasive silicification and potassic alteration associated with iron oxides-rich (>10?vol %) veins, stockworks, and breccias along NE-SW faults. The ore minerals are mainly magnetite, hematite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, Ag-galena, cobaltite, and less abundant Bi-sulfosalts (i.e., cosalite, galenobistmuthite, and llilanite-gustavite). The low-titanium iron oxides (magnetite and hematite), widespread iron-rich breccia, association with crustal scale fault zone, pervasive alteration, and overprinting mineral assemblages suggest a shallow level IOCG-style mineralization. High-order splays of the major fault zone could have provided effective traps for magmatic and basinal Cu and Zn-Pb hydrothermal fluids. The ～550 Ma intrusive phases in the region could have contributed by fluid, elements or heat in a local effective blumbing. The mineralogical and ore textural criteria reflecting ore formation at a realtively shallow crustal environment, but a fluid inclusion study is needed to characterize the ore fluids and mechanism of ore deposition.     

Tectonothermal events in the Olympic IOCG Province constrained by apatite and REE-phosphate geochronology

The Olympic iron oxide–copper–gold province in South Australia contains numerous deposits and prospects, including the Olympic Dam Cu–U–Au–Ag deposit and the Acropolis prospect. The Acropolis prospect comprises massive, coarse-grained magnetite–apatite veins partly replaced by a hematite-stable assemblage. The apatite grains in the veins contain zones with abundant inclusions of other minerals (including monazite and xenotime) and low trace-element concentrations relative to the inclusion-free zones. The inclusion-rich apatite zones are interpreted to be formed from the recrystallisation of the inclusion-free apatite and remobilisation of U, Th and rare earth element (REE) from apatite into monazite and xenotime. Apatite, monazite and xenotime are all established U–Th–Pb geochronometers and offer the potential to constrain the alteration history of the Acropolis prospect. The LA-ICPMS U–Pb age of inclusion-free apatite is within error of the age of the host volcanic units (ca 1.59 Ga). Inclusion-rich apatite yields both near-concordant analyses that are within error of the inclusion-free apatite as well as highly disturbed (discordant) analyses. The most concordant analyses of monazite (Th–Pb) inclusions and xenotime (U–Pb) inclusions and rim grains indicate an alteration event occurred at ca 1.37 Ga and possibly also at ca 500 Ma. The disparity in age of the inclusion-rich apatite and the REE-phosphate inclusions (and rim grains) is suggested to be owing to the apatite being initially recrystallised at ca 1.59 Ga and modified again by a later event that also formed (or coarsened) most of the inclusions. Partial resetting of the majority of the monazite inclusions as well as the presence of significant amounts of common Pb has complicated the interpretation of the monazite results. In contrast, xenotime is a more robust geochronometer in this setting. The ages of the two post-1.59 Ga events that appear to have affected the Acropolis prospect do not correspond to any events known to have occurred in the Gawler Craton. The earlier (ca 1.37 Ga) age instead corresponds best with metamorphic–magmatic–hydrothermal activity in Laurentia, consistent with the proximity of Laurentia and the Gawler Craton inferred from palaeogeographic reconstructions. The later (ca 500 Ma) event corresponds to the Delamerian Orogeny and has been shown by prior studies to have also affected the Olympic Dam deposit.     

四川拉拉IOCG矿床气成-热液成矿期磁铁矿地球化学特征及其成矿意义

四川省拉拉铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)矿床位于扬子地块西南缘,磁铁矿是矿床中重要的矿石矿物及Fe质的主要载体之一。结合矿相学及电子探针研究方法,探讨矿床中气成-热液成矿期磁铁矿的成因特征及Fe质来源。矿相学研究表明,气成-热液成矿期磁铁矿呈自形晶,与黄铜矿共伴生产出。电子探针分析表明,气成-热液成矿期粗粒自形晶磁铁矿主要成分为TFeO,其余成分不超过1%,为典型磁铁矿。①气成-热液成矿期粗粒自形晶磁铁矿为热液成因,Fe质来自岩浆热液;②高氧逸度的岩浆/热液有利于Cu-Au的迁移聚集,磁铁矿的结晶作用过程中伴随着氧化态硫酸盐(SO 2-4)向还原态硫(H 2 S)转化的还原作用,降低成矿系统的氧化还原势,从而推进后续Cu-Au硫化物的沉淀成矿;③研究结果还补充了林师整(1982)建立的磁铁矿成因判别图解空白部分。     

扬子西南缘拉拉10CG矿床萤石稀土元素地球化学特征

以康滇地轴古元古代拉拉铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)矿床中不同期次萤石的稀土元素为研究对象,讨论其地球化学特征及指示意义.研究结果表明:拉拉IOCG矿床中有变质期和热液期2期萤石产出,变质期萤石分为早晚2个阶段,与铜钼矿化关系密切,形成温度较高,为同源不同阶段产物;热液期萤石与变质期不同源,为后期热事件产物.萤石整体表现出REE总量高的特征;从早期到晚期,萤石稀土总量呈逐渐减少趋势;变质期萤石是矿床中主要的REE载体之一.变质期成矿流体稀土含量较高,热液期成矿流体稀土含量较低.稀土配分模式呈LREE富集、HREE亏损的右倾型,轻重稀土分异明显,萤石的稀土配分模式受溶液体系中REE络合物稳定性的影响.变质期萤石继承了钠质火山岩的Ce、Eu异常特征,形成变质期萤石的高温变质流体具有负Ce异常且同时存在Eu2+和Eu3+;热液期萤石成矿流体具有温度低、氧逸度高的特征.Y的含量变化可能是引起本矿床萤石颜色变化的原因之一,其含量与颜色深浅呈负相关关系.     

智利科皮亚波GV地区侵入岩地球化学及年代学研究

智利北中部科皮亚波GV地区位于中生代铁氧化物铜金(IOCG)矿床与斑岩铜矿过渡带。侵入岩体主要为辉长闪长岩、闪长岩、闪长斑岩、黑云母花岗岩、斑状花岗岩和二长岩。岩石地球化学特征说明该侵入岩体属于钙碱性、I型或磁铁矿系列,来源于深部上地幔。推测这些岩浆岩岩石组合形成于洋壳俯冲带,局部扩张与挤压转换导致弧后盆地萎缩封闭并快速抬升。岩浆侵入具有多期次活动,形成了多期次热液活动中心,并发育面型与脉带型蚀变矿化分带,地表具有寻找大型IOCG矿床前景。地表泥化-绿泥石-多孔状硅化网脉和含金银多金属铁锰碳酸盐化网脉发育,含金银多金属网脉状-带状和面型蚀变区揭示地表有浅成低温热液型金银多金属矿床;深部具有寻找隐伏斑岩型铜金矿床前景。今后需在该区加强蚀变矿化分带规律研究,进行深部找矿预测。     

云南武定迤纳厂铁铜矿岩浆角砾岩LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄及其意义

康滇地区是中国西南地区重要的元古宙铁铜成矿带.该地区元古宙昆阳群中串珠状分布岩浆角砾岩,周边分布大量铁铜矿床.选取武定迤纳厂东方红矿段穿插斜切入迤纳厂组的岩浆角砾岩,挑选胶结物中的岩浆锆石进行LA-ICP-MS测年,得到复合岩浆锆石内核207pb/206pb年龄为2193Ma±8Ma,代表深部围岩原生锆石年龄;岩浆锆石或复合岩浆锆石边缘环带207Pb/206Pb年龄为1739Ma±13Ma,代表岩浆侵位年龄;下交点年龄为980Ma±11Ma,代表变质年龄.结合相关资料判断,迤纳厂组与上昆阳群、大红山群、河口群均为1.7Ga左右昆阳板内裂谷拉张、岩浆侵位/喷发的同时异相产物.这对在滇中地区昆阳裂谷中,元古宙地层内的岩浆角砾岩周边寻找IOCG(IRON-OXIDE-COPPER-GOLD,铁氧化物-铜-金)型铁铜矿具有重要的启示.     

四川拉拉铁氧化物铜金矿床（IOCG）形成的矿相学证据

四川拉拉铜矿是我国西南重要的大型铜矿,并且共（伴）生丰富的金—钼—钴—稀土—铁可供综合利用。系统的矿相学研究表明,矿石矿物主要为热液磁铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、白铁矿和辉钼矿;矿床围岩蚀变种类较多,主要有黑云母化、硅化、碳酸盐化、钠长石化、钾长石化、磷灰石化、阳起石化、萤石化等;矿石结构包括自形- 半自形- 它形晶粒结构、交代残余结构、包含结构和枝状结构,矿石构造包括浸染状构造、条带状构造、脉状- 网脉状构造和角砾状构造;载铜矿物主要为黄铜矿,钴主要赋存于黄铁矿和白铁矿中,钼赋存于辉钼矿中,金主要以自然金或含银自然金形式赋存于黄铜矿、黄铁矿和叶碲铋矿中;磁铁矿中钛含量低,矿石中硫含量低,罕见铅锌硫化物矿物。因此,拉拉铜矿应属于典型的铁氧化物铜金矿床。     

Metamorphic fluid origins in the Osborne Fe oxide–Cu–Au deposit,Australia: evidence from noble gases and halogens

The Osborne iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposit is hosted by amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks and associated with pegmatite sheets formed by anatexis during peak metamorphism. Eleven samples of ore-related hydrothermal quartz and two pegmatitic quartz–feldspar samples contain similarly complex fluid inclusion assemblages that include variably saline (<12–65 wt% salts) aqueous and liquid carbon dioxide varieties that are typical of IOCG mineralisation. The diverse fluid inclusion types present in each of these different samples have been investigated by neutron-activated noble gas analysis using a combination of semi-selective thermal and mechanical decrepitation techniques. Ore-related quartz contains aqueous and carbonic fluid inclusions that have similar ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar values of between 300 and 2,200. The highest-salinity fluid inclusions (47–65 wt% salts) have calculated ³⁶Ar concentrations of approximately 1–5 ppb, which are more variable than air-saturated water (ASW = 1.3–2.7 ppb). These fluid inclusions have extremely variable Br/Cl values of between 3.8 × 10⁻³ and 0.3 × 10⁻³, and I/Cl values of between 27 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.4 × 10⁻⁶ (all ratios are molar). Fluid inclusions in the two pegmatite samples have similar ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar values of ≤1,700 and an overlapping range of Br/Cl and I/Cl values. High-salinity fluid inclusions in the pegmatite samples have 2.5–21 ppb ³⁶Ar, that overlap the range determined for ore-related samples in only one case. The fluid inclusions in both sample groups have ⁸⁴Kr/³⁶Ar and ¹²⁹Xe/³⁶Ar ratios that are mainly in the range of air and air-saturated water and are similar to mid-crustal rocks and fluids from other settings. The uniformly low ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar values (<2,200) and extremely variable Br/Cl and I/Cl values do not favour a singular or dominant fluid origin from basement- or mantle-derived magmatic fluids related to A-type magmatism. Instead, the data are compatible with the involvement of metamorphic fluids that have interacted with anatectic melts to variable extents. The ‘metamorphic’ fluids probably represent a mixture of (1) inherited sedimentary pore fluids and (2) locally derived metamorphic volatilisation products. The lowest Br/Cl and I/Cl values and the ultra-high salinities are most easily explained by the dissolution of evaporites. The data demonstrate that externally derived magmatic fluids are not a ubiquitous component of IOCG ore-forming systems, but are compatible with models in which IOCG mineralisation is localised at sites of mixing between fluids of different origin. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.     

论热液角砾岩构造系统及研究内容、研究方法和岩相学填图应用

含矿热液角砾岩类和非含矿角砾岩类的成岩成矿机制、独立填图单元确定和构造岩相学填图等问题,一直是困惑地质学家的难题。有效解决这些难题,对于研究和恢复矿田构造具有重要价值。在热液角砾岩成岩成矿系统中,热液角砾岩类不但是流体–岩石的多期次地球化学耦合与叠加作用、强烈流体交代作用的物理–化学反应库,也是各类叠加地质作用过程和结果的构造岩相学物质记录。因此,对其深入研究有助于提升成岩成矿系统理论认识水平。在综述以往研究基础上,本文提出了热液角砾岩构造系统概念、研究内容、研究方法和技术组合。在对角砾岩相系分类基础上,针对热液角砾岩相系的复杂性,通过岩相学填图实例解剖,总结专项填图中构造岩相学填图单元建立方法和填图技术,探索采用岩相学填图恢复热液角砾岩构造系统的新方法及技术组合。通过专项研究认为热液角砾岩系统主要形成有利的构造地质背景有:(1)复式侵入岩体在多期次岩浆侵入过程中,岩浆结晶分异和不混溶作用、岩浆冷却与围岩–先存构造多重耦合过程、同岩浆侵入期的脆韧性剪切带耦合、侵入岩体在后期构造–流体叠加过程等,对于形成热液角砾岩构造系统有利;(2)在火山岩相系中,早期次火山侵入体、晚期次火山岩侵入体和后期岩浆侵入岩体等,对于形成热液角砾岩体构造系统十分有利;(3)在沉积盆地后期叠加改造过程中,先存火山角砾岩、岩溶角砾岩和沉积角砾岩相系等,在后期盆地流体注入和多期次岩浆侵入过程中,有利于形成叠加热液角砾岩体构造系统;(4)在多期次的构造–岩浆–角砾岩杂岩带中,有利于形成热液角砾岩构造系统。研究认为多期次岩浆侵入体、火山–次火山岩侵入体和盆地中热流体是形成热液角砾岩构造系统的主要机制,包括与多期次复式侵入体有关的岩浆热液角砾岩构造系统、火山–次火山热液角砾岩构造系统、构造热液角砾岩构造系统和复合热液角砾岩系统等,它们均属矿田构造类型,也是多矿种共生矿床的成岩成矿机制。采用构造岩相学专项填图技术,对不同类型热液角砾岩构造系统及成岩成矿中心进行重建,有助于寻找和发现深部隐蔽构造和隐伏铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床找矿预测。