Methodology for preliminary assessment of Natech risk in urban areas

Concern for natural hazard-triggered technological disasters (Natech disasters) in densely populated and industrialized areas is growing. Residents living in urban areas subject to high natural hazard risk are often unaware of the potential for secondary disasters such as hazardous materials releases from neighboring industrial facilities, chemical storage warehouses or other establishments housing hazardous materials. Lessons from previous disasters, such as the Natech disaster during the Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey in 1999 call for the need to manage low frequency/high consequence events, particularly in today’s densely populated areas. However, there is little guidance available on how local governments and communities can assess Natech risk. To add to the problem, local governments often do not have the human or economic resources or expertise to carry out detailed risk assessments. In this article, we propose a methodology for preliminary assessment of Natech risk in urban areas. The proposed methodology is intended for use by local government officials in consultation with the public. The methodology considers possible interactions between the various systems in the urban environment: the physical infrastructure (e.g., industrial plants, lifeline systems, critical facilities), the community (e.g., population exposed), the natural environment (e.g., delicate ecosystems, river basins), and the risk and emergency management systems (e.g., structural and nonstructural measures). Factors related to vulnerability and hazard are analyzed and qualitative measures are recommended. Data from hazardous materials releases during the Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999 are used as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology. Limitations of the proposed methodology are discussed as well as future research needs.

Distrubution of Dissolved and Particulate Iron, copper and Manganese in the Shelf waters of the Ross sea (Antarctica)

Abstract. During the austral summer 1997–98, within the framework of the activities of the Climatic Long-term Interaction for the Massbalance in Antarctica (CLIMA) Project of the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research (PNRA) in the Ross Sea, measurements were conducted to focus on the role of dissolved iron, copper and manganese as micronutrients, and on their distribution in suspended particulate matter in different water masses. Sampling was carried out in two selected shelf areas, both important for formation and mixing processes of the water bodies.
Metal data were evaluated together with physical measurements and classical chemical parameters such as oxygen and nutrients.
In both the studied areas, the distribution of dissolved metals along the waste column confirmed their micronutrient behaviour, showing depletion where phytoplanktonic activities occurred.
The trend of particulate metals underlined the scavenging phenomena along the water column and presented an interesting correlation at intermediate depths with the amount and origin of suspended matter.     

红海及亚丁湾间之海水交换

分析表观耗氧量、滴定碱度及总二氧化碳量等资料来研判红海及亚丁湾间之海水交换。结果显示,红海深层水的方解石及霰石饱和度均比亚丁湾和阿拉伯海深层水的饱和度高。红海全水柱之方解石和霰石都处於过饱和状态,亚丁湾和阿拉伯海中各深度之方解石亦呈过饱和状态,但霰石的饱和探度则大约在500m左右。分析深层水之生物体无机碳与有机碳的分解比值,可以发现此地区深层水中,大约有25％的总二氧化碳增加量是由无机碳酸钙溶解而来。     

珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积物的有机地球化学特征

本文根据有机地球化学资料,首次研究和探讨了珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积物中有机质丰度和可溶有机质的组成特征。现代沉积物有机质丰度,有机碳为0.58％,氯仿沥青“A”为210ppm,烃含量为33.8ppm;钻孔中有机碳为0.77％,氯仿沥青“A”为253ppm,烃含量为16.4ppm。从有机质组成、红外吸收光谱特征、δ~(13)C、干酪根H/C原子比,均表现为陆生植物为主,水生生物为铺,为腐殖型或腐泥—腐殖型的母质类型。     

珠江口伶仃洋水域溶解氧特征

根据１９８７年６，８，１１月和１９８８年２月４个航次珠江口伶汀洋的调查资料，分析了溶解氧的特征。结果表明：溶解氧含量表层均高于底层，周年变化呈现从夏季到冬季逐渐上升，且明显受珠江径流的影响，溶解氧（基本上是不饱和状态）与盐度成负相关。有机物和营养盐均影响溶解氧，但水温仍为溶解氧主要影响因素。     

Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in and near the Prydz Bay, Antarctica

INTRODUCTIONDissolvedorganiccarbon (DOC)makesupthesecondlargestofthebioactivepoolsofcar bonintheocean ,secondtothelargestpoolofdissolvedinorganiccarbon .Theglobaldissolvedorganiccarbonpoolisestimatedtobe 6 85Gt,avaluecomparabletothemassofCO2 intheat mosphere (Hedges,1 992 ) .Thesizeofthereservoir,aswellasitsdynamics ,indicatesthatDOCplaysacentralroleintheoceancarboncycle .AsitrelatestogreenhousegasessuchasCO2 andassociatesclimatecycle ,oceanicDOCbiogeochemicalcycleshavebeenoneoftheh…     

对虾养殖生态系中有机碳的初步研究本研究由

对于围隔养殖对虾生态系中有机碳的变动进行了研究 ,结果表明 :溶解有机碳 (DOC)含量波动在 5 .2 99～ 13.39mg/ L之间 ,平均为 8.5 3mg/ L± 2 .2 5 mg/ L;颗粒有机碳 (POC)含量波动在0 .6 5～ 6 .6 3mg/ L之间 ,平均为 3.2 5 mg/ L± 1.76 mg/ L;总有机碳 (TOC)含量波动在 6 .92～ 2 0 .0 2mg/ L之间 ,平均为 11.78mg/ L± 3.82 mg/ L ;其中 DOC∶ POC∶ TOC为 0 .72∶ 0 .2 8∶ 1。各种有机碳组分的含量明显高于自然海水中各种有机碳的含量 ;各种有机碳组分的含量在养殖期间总体上呈上升的趋势 ;其变化与 DCOD的变化呈显著线性正相关的关系。     

中国北方四条河口的汞——以大辽河、鸭绿江、滦河、东村河为例

分别于1989年，1992年，1991年8月，1991年5月对大辽河口、鸭绿江口、滦河口、东村河口水体中总汞进行了取样和分析，其中又对大辽河口和东村河口进行了溶解态汞的分析。大辽河口和东村河口溶解态汞的含量分别为85～460ng/L和180～500ng/L，平均值分别为210和324ng/L；总汞含量分别为95～550和400～1000ng/L，平均值分别为310和640ng/L。大辽河河流段和河口段溶解态汞和颗粒态汞是主要存在形式。河口溶解态汞和颗粒态汞随氯度变化趋势相似。东村河口溶解态汞约占50%。鸭绿江口和滦河口总汞含量分别为30～2500和3700～6700ng/L，平均值分别为700和5700ng/L。鸭绿江口总汞随氯度变化趋势与随浊度变化趋势一致。而在滦河口总汞含量随两者变化趋势则不同。还讨论了滦河口、东村河口、鸭绿江口和大辽河口汞的污染程度。     

Modelling nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and dissolved oxygen in the Zhujiang Estuary Ⅰ. Model development

wrmcrloxHuman activities related to the population growth and developrnent of industry and rnwhci-pality have led to the incrouing hadings of various POllutants into estudries during the past fewdecades. These increasing edlutant lOadings have caused declined estuallne hedth which can bemereured by a vdriety of indices. In order to obtain solutions to environrnent problerns, re-sources manageTnnt apencies are supporting a holistic approach to envirorirnental management.An effcient strategy t…     

台湾海峡中北部夏季溶解氧饱和度分布与上升流的关系

本文据台湾海峡中北部1983年5月至1984年5月、1987年7,8月和1988年5～7月调查资料,讨论了该海域夏季溶解氧饱和度分布特征及其与上升流的关系,结果表明该海区夏季上升流的中心位置经常出现于海坛岛北侧至湄洲岛一带海域,西南季风是该区上升流产生的主要动力因子,该区上升流平均流速为4.4×10~(-3)cm/s。