烟台市地质灾害发育现状及影响因素分析

2016年山东省开展各市地质灾害排查工作,烟台市作为地质灾害较发育区,是该次排查重点工作区之一。该文以现状调查为基础,查明了烟台市共发育471处地质灾害隐患点,地质灾害规模以小型为主,主要类型为崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、采空塌陷和岩溶塌陷,其中崩塌隐患点占地质灾害总数的68%,数量最多,其次为泥石流和采空塌陷,各占总数的15%和14%,滑坡数量最少,仅占总数的1%,并介绍了各类地质灾害分布特征。在此基础上,对地质灾害的主要影响因素——地形地貌、岩土体类型、地质构造、降水和人类工程活动等进行了分析。最后提出了在进行工程建设活动的同时重视其引发的地质灾害问题,以减少和预防其带来的次生地质灾害。     

Outflow channel sources, reactivation, and chaos formation, Xanthe Terra, Mars

The undulating, warped, and densely fractured surfaces of highland regions east of Valles Marineris (located north of the eastern Aureum Chaos, east of the Hydraotes Chaos, and south of the Hydaspis Chaos) resulted from extensional surface warping related to ground subsidence, caused when pressurized water confined in subterranean caverns was released to the surface. Water emanations formed crater lakes and resulted in channeling episodes involved in the excavation of Ares, Tiu, and Simud Valles of the eastern part of the circum-Chryse outflow channel system. Progressive surface subsidence and associated reduction of the subsurface cavernous volume, and/or episodes of magmatic-driven activity, led to increases of the hydrostatic pressure, resulting in reactivation of both catastrophic and non-catastrophic outflow activity. Ancient cratered highland and basin materials that underwent large-scale subsidence grade into densely fractured terrains. Collapse of rock materials in these regions resulted in the formation of chaotic terrains, which occur in and near the headwaters of the eastern circum-Chryse outflow channels. The deepest chaotic terrain in the Hydaspis Chaos region resulted from the collapse of pre-existing outflow channel floors. The release of volatiles and related collapse may have included water emanations not necessarily linked to catastrophic outflow. Basal warming related to dike intrusions, thermokarst activity involving wet sediments and/or dissected ice-enriched country rock, permafrost exposed to the atmosphere by extensional tectonism and channel incision, and/or the injection of water into porous floor material, may have enhanced outflow channel floor instability and subsequent collapse. In addition to the possible genetic linkage to outflow channel development dating back to at least the Late Noachian, clear disruption of impact craters with pristine ejecta blankets and rims, as well as preservation of fine tectonic fabrics, suggest that plateau subsidence and chaos formation may have continued well into the Amazonian Period. The geologic and paleohydrologic histories presented here have important implications, as new mechanisms for outflow channel formation and other fluvial activity are described, and new reactivation mechanisms are proposed for the origin of chaotic terrain as contributors to flooding. Detailed geomorphic analysis indicates that subterranean caverns may have been exposed during chaos formation, and thus chaotic terrains mark prime locations for future geologic, hydrologic, and possible astrobiologic exploration.     

辽宁省深部构造特征及其地质意义

本文应用了最新取得的“五统一”区域重力成果，并经过对浅表松散槽（如下辽河断陷，大岩体等）的密度亏损进行补偿改正后，求取了全省的区域重力场及其垂向二次导数，计算了莫氏面等深度图。在分析区域重力场及其垂向二次导数异常特征和莫氏面起伏特征的基础上，划分出辽宁深部构造的基本格局。从平面上探讨了深部构造与地形地势、地质构造及矿产分布的关系，从剖面上剖析了辽宁省地壳分层的宏观特征     

菏泽市地质灾害现状与防治

菏泽市地质灾害类型主要为地震、地面塌陷、地面沉降、地裂缝、砂土液化、土地盐渍化及地氟病等，其发育与分布受地质构造、水文地质条件的控制以及气象、人类活动等因素的影响。就其分布、危害、致灾原因等做了分析，并提出了防治建议和对策。     

Geochemistry of S-type granitic rocks from the reversely zoned Castelo Branco pluton (central Portugal)

The zoned pluton from Castelo Branco consists of Variscan peraluminous S-type granitic rocks. A muscovite>biotite granite in the pluton's core is surrounded successively by biotite>muscovite granodiorite, porphyritic biotite>muscovite granodiorite grading to biotite=muscovite granite, and finally by muscovite>biotite granite. ID-TIMS U–Pb ages for zircon and monazite indicate that all phases of the pluton formed at 310 ± 1 Ma. Whole-rock analyses show slight variation in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_310 Ma between 0.708 and 0.712, Nd_310 Ma values between − 1 and − 4 and δ¹⁸O values between 12.2 and 13.6. These geological, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic data indicate a crustal origin of the suite, probably from partial melting of heterogeneous Early Paleozoic pelitic country rock. In detail there is evidence for derivation from different sources, but also fractional crystallization linking some of internal plutonic phases. Least-squares analysis of major elements and modelling of trace elements indicate that the porphyritic granodiorite and biotite=muscovite granite were derived from the granodiorite magma by fractional crystallization of plagioclase, quartz, biotite and ilmenite. By contrast variation diagrams of major and trace elements in biotite and muscovite, the behaviours of Ba in microcline and whole-rock δ¹⁸O, the REE patterns of rocks and isotopic data indicate that both muscovite-dominant granites were probably originated by two distinct pulses of granite magma.     

Evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath eastern China: Re–Os isotopic evidence from mantle xenoliths in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts

The ages of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North China and South China cratons are less well-constrained than the overlying crust. We report Re–Os isotope systematics of mantle xenoliths entrained in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts from eastern China. Peridotite xenoliths from the Fuxian and Mengyin Paleozoic diamondiferous kimberlites in the North China Craton give Archean Re depletion ages of 2.6–3.2 Ga and melt depletion ages of 2.9–3.4 Ga. No obvious differences in Re and Os abundances, Os isotopic ratios and model ages are observed between spinel-facies and garnet-facies peridotites from both kimberlite localities. The Re–Os isotopic data, together with the PGE concentrations, demonstrate that beneath the Archean continental crust of the eastern North China Craton, Archean lithospheric mantle of spinel- to diamond-facies existed without apparent compositional stratification during the Paleozoic. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalt-borne peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths, on the other hand, show geochemical features indicating metasomatic enrichment, along with a large range of the Re–Os isotopic model ages from Proterozoic to Phanerozoic. These features indicate that lithospheric transformation or refertilization through melt-peridotite interaction could be the primary mechanism for compositional changes during the Phanerozoic, rather than delamination or thermal-mechanical erosion, despite the potential of these latter processes to play an important role for the loss of garnet-facies mantle. A fresh garnet lherzolite xenolith from the Yangtze Block has a Re depletion age of ∼1.04 Ga, much younger than overlying Archean crustal rocks but the same Re depletion ages as spinel lherzolite xenoliths from adjacent Mesozoic basalts, indicating Neoproterozoic resetting of the Re–Os system in the South China Craton.     

Rain-induced debris and mudflow triggering factors assessment in the Santiago cordilleran foothills,Central Chile

Debris and mudflows are some of the main geological hazards in the mountain foothills of the Chilean capital city of Santiago. There, the risk of flows triggered in the basins of ravines that drain the range into the city increases with time due to the city growth. A multivariate statistical study based on the logistic regression method is presented. The model provides equations that allow the computation of combined meteorological triggering factors associated with a probability of rain-induced flow occurrence. Daily rainfall, accumulated rainfall and the snowfall level, traditionally considered as the relevant factors, are analysed for a 25-year period. The results show a strong relevance of the rainfall on the day of the flow event over the other factors. However, the relatively low probabilities returned for some real flow events suggest that the model does not capture all the significant variables and the problem is more complex than as it has been traditionally assumed, and further investigations are needed to develop predictive models of flow triggering.     

CO2地质埋存渗漏风险及补救对策

目前,将CO2埋存于地下深部地质构造（如油气藏、煤层、地下含水层及岩溶盐腔）的减排方案能有效地减缓温室效应而备受关注。无论什么储集体,我们都希望CO2在地下埋存的时间越长越好。然而,对于一项具体工程的实施,必然存在一些客观和主观因素造成CO2渗漏,比如废弃井的不完善或不合理处理、地层断裂系统和水动力系统以及地震所造成的渗漏等等。存在渗漏就可能会对周围人和生态环境造成危害。因此,进行CO2地质埋存的风险评估是相当有必要的,是我们能长期有效安全地进行该项减排方案必不可少的基础和保证。本文即想从建立一套完整的风险评估、管理和监测体系的角度并以加拿大Weyburn油田为例,深入分析CO2地质埋存中可能存在的渗漏风险和途径,建立CO2渗漏风险评估机制,并针对具体的渗漏可能性提出相应的补救对策,为全球范围内,尤其对我国刚刚开展CO2地质埋存研究工作提供一些有益的思路。     

郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起南段花岗岩LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

本文利用LA-ICP MS方法,对零星分布于郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起南段肥东-巢湖地区的一些花岗岩体进行了锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究.结果表明,西徐村北岩体、尖山岩体、西花村岩体、永丰岩体和锦张村岩体的形成年龄分别为126.9 ±1.0Ma、114.8±1.3Ma、108.1 ±1.6Ma、103.0 ±0.9Ma和120.3 ±0.7Ma,这些花岗岩体均形成于早白垩世,但侵位时间有一定差异.与郯庐断裂带西侧的鲁西、徐淮、蚌埠地区同时代克拉通内部侵入岩相比,断裂带内岩浆活动持续的时间更长(～27Ma).这一结果不但指示郯庐断裂带上的岩浆活动是不均一的,各地岩浆在活动的强烈程度和时间特征上均有很大的差异,而且显示了断裂带内比克拉通内部岩浆活动结束时间较晚,暗示其下岩石圈可能有更为强烈的减薄程度和更长的减薄历史.     

镇江地质灾害治理工程项目管理中的问题与对策探讨

地质灾害治理工程项目管理是地质灾害管理的具体体现和实施过程,其基本任务是根据地质灾害管理目标和管理方法,组织实施防治工程,保障取得预期的减灾成果。就镇江市地质灾害治理工程项目管理目前现状,从规范文件、招标机构、管理工具、管理经验、干扰因素、风险评价、人员素质等方面进行粗浅分析,并针对存在的问题提出相应的对策,借以提高镇江市地质灾害治理工程项目管理的能力和水平,以便今后地质灾害治理项目管理更好地完善和发展。