DNDC模型对我国旱地N2O释放的拟合对比分析

本文根据贵州省玉米－油菜轮作田、休耕地和大豆－冬小麦轮作田的N2O释放通量及其影响因子季节变化的是观测结果，对比分析了DNDC模型计算与三试验田田间观测在N2O释放通量及其主要影响因子季节变化上的拟合程度。结果表明，对N2O释放通量、土壤NO3^-和NH4^ 含量、土壤湿度和土温，模型计算结果与田间观测具有相似的季节变化模式和相近的数值，模型较好地反映了上述参数的动态变化过程。据此，推算出贵州省农业土壤N2O年释放量，并分析了气候变化和农业活动对释放量的潜在影响。     

耕作措施对陕西耕作土壤碳储量的影响模拟*

鉴于农业生态系统土壤有机碳(SOC)平衡对中国农业可持续发展的重要性,文章以陕西农业生态系统为对象,整合农业生物地球化学模型(DNDC)与陕西农业地理信息系统数据库,利用陕西地区气象和作物资料,对陕西省2000年作物生长发育和土壤碳循环进行了模型模拟,实例探讨了耕作管理对土壤碳储量的影响,并由此评价生物地球化学模型在气候变化、土壤性质及农业耕作管理措施对土壤碳含量影响方面的预测能力。敏感性分析表明土壤性状,尤其是初始有机碳含量是影响模型区域尺度模拟的最主要敏感因素。区域模拟使用灵敏系数分析法,分别采用敏感因子的最大、最小值驱动模型在每一模拟单元内的运算,以产生一个土壤有机碳变化的范围值,土壤有机碳变化的真实值应以较大机率包含在这一范围内。分析模拟结果可以得出3点结论: 1)2000年陕西耕作土壤总有机碳储量约为103TgC,是一个大气CO₂源,向大气释放碳0.5TgC; 2)提高作物秸秆还田率是提高陕西农田碳库储量的有效可行措施,将作物秸秆还田率从当前的15 ％ 提高到50 ％ 或90 ％ 会使陕西农田土壤从大气CO₂源转变为汇,每年分别增加土壤有机碳库储量0.7TgC或2.1TgC; 3)施用有机农肥(500kg/hm²)也会增加土壤碳输入,从而提高土壤碳储量,使陕西农田系统转变为较弱的碳(C)源,每年可多固定0.2TgC。     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O3 and CO2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat.Part I: Model Description

Ozone is well documented as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants.It is reported that tropospheric O3 concentration increases rapidly in recent 20 years. Evaluating and predicting impacts of ozone concentration changes on crops are drawing great attention in the scientific community. In China, main study method about this filed is controlled experiments, for example, Open Top Chambers. But numerical simulation study about impacts of ozone on crops with crop model was developed slowly, what is more, the study about combined impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide has not been reported.The improved agroecosystem model is presented to evaluate simultaneously impacts of tropospheric O3 and CO2 concentration changes on crops in the paper by integrating algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis with an existing agroecosystem biogeochemical model (named as DNDC). The main physiological processes of crop growth (phenology, leaf area index, photosynthesis, respiration, assimilated allocation and so on) in the former DNDC are kept. The algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis and winter wheat leaf are added in the modified DNDC model in order to reveal impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide on growth, development, and yield formation of winter wheat by coupling the simulation about impacts of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis of winter wheat which exists in the former DNDC. In the paper, firstly assimilate allocation algorithms and some genetic parameters (such as daily thermal time of every development stage) were modified in order that DNDC can be applicable in North China. Secondly impacts of ozone on crops were simulated with two different methods-one was impacts of ozone on light use efficiency , and the other was direct effects of ozone on leaves photosynthesis. The latter simulated results are closer to experiment measurements through comparing their simulating results. At last the method of direct impacts of ozone on leaf growth is adopted and the coe cients about impacts of ozone on leaf growth and death are ascertained. Effects of climate changes, increasing ozone, and carbon dioxide concentration on agroecosystem are tried to be simulated numerically in the study which is considered to be advanced and credible.     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part I: Model Description

Ozone is well documented as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. It is reported that tropospheric O3 concentration increases rapidly in recent 20 years. Evaluating and predicting impacts of ozone concentration changes on crops are drawing great attention in the scientific community. In China, main study method about this filed is controlled experiments, for example, Open Top Chambers. But numerical simulation study about impacts of ozone on crops with crop model was developed slowly, what is more, the study about combined impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide has not been reported. The improved agroecosystem model is presented to evaluate simultaneously impacts of tropospheric O3 and CO2 concentration changes on crops in the paper by integrating algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis with an existing agroecosystem biogeochemical model (named as DNDC). The main physiological processes of crop growth (phenology, leaf area index, photosynthesis, respiration, assimilated allocation and so on) in the former DNDC are kept. The algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis and winter wheat leaf are added in the modified DNDC model in order to reveal impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide on growth, development, and yield formation of winter wheat by coupling the simulation about impacts of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis of winter wheat which exists in the former DNDC. In the paper, firstly assimilate allocation algorithms and some genetic parameters (such as daily thermal time of every development stage) were modified in order that DNDC can be applicable in North China. Secondly impacts of ozone on crops were simulated with two different methods- one was impacts of ozone on light use efficiency, and the other was direct effects of ozone on leaves photosynthesis. The latter simulated results are closer to experiment measurements through comparing their simulating results. At last the method of direct impacts of ozone on leaf growth is adopted and the coefficients about impacts of ozone on leaf growth and death are ascertained. Effects of climate changes, increasing ozone, and carbon dioxide concentration on agroecosystem are tried to be simulated numerically in the study which is considered to be advanced and credible.     

中国农田的温室气体排放

中国是一个农业大国,拥有约1.33百万平方公里的农田。这些田地的种植、翻耕、施肥、灌溉等管理措施不仅长期改变着农田生态系统中的化学元素循环,而且给全球气候变化带来影响。农业生态系统对全球变化的影响主要是通过改变3种温室气体,即二氧化碳(CO₂)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)在土壤-大气界面的交换而实现的。为了分析多种因素(如气候、土壤质地、农作物品种及各种农田经营管理措施等)对农业土壤释放CO_22222222     

N2O emissions from regional agricultural lands--A case study of Guizhou Province,southwestern China

To preliminarily study N2O emissions and the importance of environmental parameters on N2O flux from subtropical agroecosystem in China,N2O flux measurements were made at three cultivated agricultural lands in Guizhou Province,southwestern China.Based on the test and validation of daily N2O flux and its several associated variables between DNDC model and field measurements,DNDC model has been employed to estimate total N2O emissions from entire agricultural lands and its spatial distribution at county scale in Guizhou in 1995,and to assess the contributions of cropping practices on N2O emissions.     

近地层O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦影响的数值模拟：Ⅰ模型结构

在试验研究的基础上,文中尝试利用数值模拟方法评估O3和CO2浓度变化对作物的影响.以农田生态系统碳氮生物化学模型(DNDC)为基础,对其中的作物子模型进行改进,加入O3对冬小麦光合作用和叶片生长影响的模拟,结合原模型中有关CO2对冬小麦光合作用影响的模拟,建立反映O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量形成影响的作物模型.文章对DNDC模型进行了参数修正以适用于中国华北地区;文章参考前人的工作,引用了两种O3对作物光合作用影响的模拟方法进行比较,分别是O3对初始光利用率的影响和O3对叶片光合作用的直接影响;在此基础上,进一步考虑O3对冬小麦叶片生长的影响,根据试验资料,建立了O3对叶片生长影响系数.     

天山北坡典型草地净初级生产力对氮沉降及气候变化的响应阈值研究

生态阈值现象普遍存在于自然系统中.气候变化幅度过大,超出了生态系统本身的调节和修复能力,生态系统的结构功能就会遭到破坏.新疆干旱区气候波动明显,该区草地生态系统对大气氮沉降和气候变化的响应是否存在阈值,有待深入研究.本文以天山北坡沿海拔梯度分布的四种草地类型（高山草甸（AM）、中山森林草地（MMFM）、低山干草原（LMDG）和平原荒漠草原（PDG））为研究对象,基于DNDC模型,揭示氮沉降及气候变化对天山北坡草地生态系统净初级生产力的影响.研究结果表明：1）草地净初级生产力 （NPP）对氮沉降增加的响应存在阈值,PDG、LMDG、MMFM和AM的响应阈值分别为20±5.77、60±26.46、50±15.28和30±11.55 kg·hm^-2.2）四种草地类型的NPP从大到小依次为MMFM、LMDG、PDG和AM,水热条件是决定NPP的主要因素.3）PDG草地NPP对温度升高的响应存在阈值,而对于其他类型的草地,在目前的研究中尚未得出确切结论.4）PDG和LMDG草地NPP与降水有明显的正相关关系,而AM草地NPP的变化与降水变化呈负相关.不同草地类型对降水变化的敏感程度也有较大差异,PDG最大,其次是LMDG,之后是AM和MMFM.