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By conducting a historical review of this large seismic event in the Mediterranean, it has been possible to identify both the epicentral area and the area in which its effects were principally felt. Ever since the nineteenth century, the seismological tradition has offered a variety of partial interpretations of the earthquake, depending on whether the main sources used were Arabic, Greek or Latin texts. Our systematic research has involved the analysis not only of Arab, Byzantine and Italian chronicle sources, but also and in particular of a large number of never previously used official and public authority documents, preserved in Venice in the State Archive, in the Marciana National Library and in the Library of the Museo Civico Correr. As a result, it has been possible to establish not only chronological parameters for the earthquake (they were previously uncertain) but also its overall effects (epicentral area in Crete, Imax XI MCS). Sources containing information in 41 affected localities and areas were identified. The earthquake also gave rise to a large tsunami, which scholars have seen as having certain interesting elements in common with that of 21 July 365, whose epicentre was also in Crete. As regards methodology, this research made it clear that knowledge of large historical earthquakes in the Mediterranean is dependent upon developing specialised research and going beyond the territorial limits of current national catalogues. 相似文献
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Adamantios Kilias Charalampos Fassoulas Demosthenis Mountrakis 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1994,83(2):417-430
Kinematic analysis of the deformation in central Crete suggests that the structural evolution and exhumation of the high pressure/low temperature (HP/LT) rocks outcropping at the Mount Psiloritis metamorphic core complex are associated with a regional, Miocene, north-south extension and thinning of the continental crust. This tectonic regime developed under bulk coaxial strain conditions, with ductile deformation in the lower and brittle deformation in the upper crust, and followed, on the decompressional path, a north-south compression associated with a HP/LT metamorphism in the lower crust. This compressional event took place during Oligocene—Early Miocene and led to overthickening of the accretionary wedge in the Hellenic Arc. An east-west directed compression accompanied, in the final stages, the Miocene north-south extension of the continental crust. 相似文献
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Pantelis Soupios Nikos Papadopoulos Ilias Papadopoulos Maria Kouli Filippos Vallianatos Apostolos Sarris Thrassyvoulos Manios 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(3):661-675
An integrated suite of environmental methods was used to characterize the hydrogeological, geological and tectonic regime
of the largest waste disposal landfill of Crete Island, the Fodele municipal solid waste site (MSW), to determine the geometry
of the landfill (depth and spatial extent of electrically conductive anomalies), to define the anisotropy caused by bedrock
fabric fractures and to locate potential zones of electrically conductive contamination. A combination of geophysical methods
and chemical analysis was implemented for the characterization and management of the landfill. Five different types of geophysical
surveys were performed: (1) 2D electrical resistance tomography (ERT), (2) electromagnetic measurements using very low frequencies
(VLF), (3) electromagnetic conductivity (EM31), (4) seismic refraction measurements (SR), and (5) ambient noise measurements
(HVSR). The above geophysical methods were used with the aim of studying the subsurface properties of the landfill and to
define the exact geometrical characteristics of the site under investigation. 相似文献
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John Antonopoulos 《Natural Hazards》1992,5(2):153-168
The eastern Mediterranean has been the cradle of many great civilizations. The history of the area consisted of glorious battles, heroic acts, and the rise and fall of great civilizations. But, sometimes, natural hazards became the cause for a new classification of the political, as well as of the military status quo of the region. The enormous eruption of the submarine volcano at the Greek island of Thera (Santorini) during the Bronze Age, around 1500 BC, is such a natural hazard. The tsunami generated by the eruption, literally wiped out the peace-loving Minoan civilization who inhabited the island of Crete. After the sea subsided, the configuration of the area was altered, and the decline of the Minoan principality on the Archipelago began. The present paper introduces evidence concerning the tsunami and states some of the after-effects which were partly responsible for the decline of the Minoan empire. All the information is gathered from historical sources and from recent research works. An effort has been made to include many of the theories introduced by various researchers through time concerning the event. Finally, information has been included from all known research, as well as from the author's own conclusions, in order to make the paper useful to future researchers. 相似文献
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Douglas O. ReVelle 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2008,102(1-4):345-356
We have developed a new approach to modeling the acoustic-gravity wave (AGW) radiation from bolide sources. This first effort
involves entry modeling of bolide sources that have available satellite data through procedures developed in ReVelle (Earth
Moon Planets 95, 441–476, 2004a; in: A. Milani, G. Valsecchi, D. Vokrouhlicky (eds) NEO Fireball Diversity: Energetics-based Entry Modeling and Analysis Techniques, Near-earth Objects: Our Celestial Neighbors
(IAU S236), 2007b). Results from the entry modeling are directly coupled to AGW production through line source blast wave theory for the initial
wave amplitude and period at (at 10 blast wave radii and perpendicular to the trajectory). The second effort involves the prediction of the formation
and or dominance of the propagation of the atmospheric Lamb, edge-wave composite mode in a viscous fluid (Pierce, J. Acoust.
Soc. Amer. 35, 1798–1807, 1963) as a function of the source energy, horizontal range and source altitude using the Lamb wave frequency that was deduced
directly during the entry modeling and that is used as a surrogate for the source energy. We have also determined that Lamb
wave production by bolides at close range decreases dramatically as either the source energy decreases or the source altitude
increases. Finally using procedures in Gill (Atmospheric-Ocean Dynamics, 1982) and in Tolstoy (Wave Propagation, 1973), we have analyzed two simple dispersion relationships and have calculated the expected dispersion for the Lamb edge-wave
mode and for the excited, propagating internal acoustic waves. Finally, we have used the above formalism to fully evaluate
these techniques for four large bolides, namely: the Tunguska bolide of June 30, 1908; the Revelstoke bolide of March 31,
1965; the Crete bolide of June 6, 2002 and the Antarctic bolide of September 3, 2004. Due to page limitations, we will only
present results in detail for the Revelstoke bolide. 相似文献
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Dino Torri Jean Poesen Mauro Rossi Valerio Amici Daniele Spennacchi Cati Cremer 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(12):2547-2561
Predicting the location of gully heads in various environments is an important step towards predicting gully erosion rates. So far, field data collection and modelling of topographic thresholds for gully head development has mainly focused on gullies that formed in forested areas, rangelands, pastures and cropland. Such information for gullies in badlands however is very scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to extend the database on gully head topographical thresholds through data collection in a badland area and to improve the prediction of gully heads forming at sites with a very low erosion resistance value. For this, we chose a badland site located in central Italy that is characterized by biancana forms and both active and dormant gullies. The definition of the conditions under which present‐day gully heads developed allowed a better modelling of the gully head threshold equation, with modification of a previous model and the exemplification of how to use the updated model. The model shows that the resistance to gully head retreat depends on slope gradient and drainage area at gully heads, land use at the moment of gully development (as numerically expressed using parameters derived from the Runoff Curve Number method), surface rock fragment cover, presence of joints, pipes, and factors/processes affecting detachment rate. This study attempted to better understand environmental conditions that control the development of gully heads in badlands through a combination of field data collection of gully heads, an analysis of land use changes over 10 centuries, focusing on the period 1820–2005, and land use management through repeat photography and a critical examination of historical documents. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
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Soil erosion prediction using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in a GIS framework,Chania, Northwestern Crete,Greece 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Soil erosion is a growing problem in southern Greece and particularly in the island of Crete, the biggest Greek island with
great agricultural activity. Soil erosion not only decreases agricultural productivity, but also reduces the water availability.
In the current study, an effort to predict potential annual soil loss has been conducted. For the prediction, the Revised
Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) has been adopted in a Geographical Information System framework. The RUSLE factors were
calculated (in the form of raster layers) for the nine major watersheds which cover the northern part of the Chania Prefecture.
The R-factor was calculated from monthly and annual precipitation data. The K-factor was estimated using soil maps available from the Soil Geographical Data Base of Europe at a scale of 1:1,000,000.
The LS-factor was calculated from a 30-m digital elevation model. The C-factor was calculated using Remote Sensing techniques. The P-factor in absence of data was set to 1. The results show that an extended part of the area is undergoing severe erosion.
The mean annual soil loss is predicted up to ∼200 (t/ha year−1) for some watersheds showing extended erosion and demanding the attention of local administrators. 相似文献
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Jennifer Coston‐Guarini Jean‐Marc Guarini Frederike Ricarda Boehm Thomas R. H. Kerkhove Frances C. Rivera Karim Erzini François Charles Tim Deprez Laurent Chauvaud 《Marine Ecology》2018,39(3)
A new probabilistic approach is proposed to assess muricid species population abundances at scales relevant to both Ancient and Modern coastal fisheries. Motivated by the long‐term goal of reconstructing the dynamics of exploited murex populations during Antiquity, the objective was to estimate the population density of the banded dye‐murex, Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) from successive captures with baited traps, using a method similar to the technique employed in the Mediterranean purple dye industry. The stochastic model developed simulates cumulative captures while accounting for high variability. It was calibrated with data acquired during a field trapping experiment (Crete Island, Greece). Traps’ catchability and Effective Area of Attraction (EAA) were estimated using the individual speed and behavioural response towards bait from laboratory experiments. Average density of H. trunculus was estimated as 2.2 ± 1.4 SE individuals per square metre, with no significant differences between seagrass and rocky habitats. The clearing time of successive capture experiments averaged 84 ± 6 SE hr. Clearing ca. 0.4 ha of subtidal area would be necessary to produce ca. 1.0 g of pure Tyrian purple pigment. The method described is generalizable to making population abundance estimates for similar groups, such as whelks, in modern fisheries. 相似文献