山谷冰川稳定态时积累区面积比率研究

探讨山谷冰川稳定状态时积累区面积比率，即ＡＡＲ值的大小，认为冰川物质平衡高程分布，平面形态及坡面坡度沿程变化形式是影响山谷冰川稳定态ＡＡＲ值的主要因素，并 山谷冰川稳定态ＡＡＲ值与物质平衡高程分布及平面形态之间的定量关系。山谷冰川适合于应用ＡＲ值法来研究古冰川的零平衡线高程。     

Exploitation of Landsat data for snow zonation mapping in the Hindukush,Karakoram and Himalaya (HKH) region of Pakistan

Abstract

In the Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalaya (HKH) region of Pakistan, many glaciological variables are still not known due to the remoteness and harsh weather conditions of the area. A remote sensing technique is therefore applied to map the snow zonation in the HKH region. Landsat 7 ETM+ data for the year 2003 are used in this study. Image classification and image processing techniques are applied to map, for the first time, the major snow zones in the HKH region. Six classes are identified: the results show that the area covered by the highest-altitude snow (Snow I), lower-altitude snow (Snow II), bare ice, debris-covered ice, wet snow and shadow is 21 529.42, 22 472.58, 8696.41, 8038.75, 12 159.37 and 7322.30 km², respectively. The study also indicates that the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) lies between 5000 and 5500 m above sea level, with an accumulation area ratio (AAR) of 0.60.

Citation Butt, M.J., 2013. Exploitation of Landsat data for snow zonation mapping in the Hindukush, Karakoram and Himalaya (HKH) region of Pakistan. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (5), 1088–1096.     

Pecten as a new substrate for IcPD dating: The quaternary raised beaches in the Gulf of Corinth,Greece

Intra-crystalline protein diagenesis (IcPD), a recent development of amino acid racemization dating (AAR), is now established as a reliable geochronological tool for the Quaternary. However, extending the method to new biominerals requires extensive testing in order to provide evidence for the closed-system behaviour of the intra-crystalline proteins and to assess the temporal span that can be covered.Here we present results from high-temperature experiments on the IcPD of the bivalve Pecten, demonstrating that a fraction of proteins can be isolated from a bleach-resistant mineral matrix, which effectively operates as a closed system under conditions of accelerated diagenesis in the laboratory. Analyses of Pecten from the well-dated terrace system of the Gulf of Corinth (Greece) provided a pilot test for the integrity of the intra-crystalline fraction in subfossil shells. The small sample sizes in this preliminary study preclude a full assessment of the aminostratigraphic power of Pecten IcPD, but a concordance is observed between the extent of IcPD and sites dating from between MIS 5 and MIS 11.We conclude that Pecten is a potentially good substrate for IcPD dating in the Mediterranean, and that the temporal limit of the technique in this area lies beyond MIS 11.     

Early Ipswichian (last interglacial) sea level rise in the channel region: Stone Point Site of Special Scientific Interest,Hampshire, England

Constraining the speed of sea level rise at the start of an interglacial is important to understanding the size of the ‘window of opportunity’ available for hominin migration. This is particularly important during the last interglacial when there is no evidence for significant hominin occupation anywhere in Britain. There are very few finer grained fossiliferous sequences in the Channel region that can be used to constrain sea level rise and they are preserved only to the north of the Channel, in England. Of these, the sequence at Stone Point SSSI is by far the most complete. Data from this sequence has been previously reported, and discussed at a Quaternary Research Association Field Meeting, where a number of further questions were raised that necessitated further data generation. In this paper, we report new data from this sequence – thin section analysis, isotopic determinations on ostracod shells, new Optical Stimulated Luminescence ages and Amino Acid Recem analyses. These show early sea level rise in this sequence, starting during the pre-temperate vegetation zone IpI, but no early warming. The implications of this almost certainly last interglacial sequence for the human colonisation of Britain and our understanding of the stratigraphic relationship of interglacial estuarine deposits with their related fluvial terrace sequences is explored.     

Determination of depths to centroids of three-dimensional sources of potential-field anomalies with examples from environmental and geologic applications

A method is developed for determining the depth to the centroid (the geometric center) of ‘semi-compact' sources. The method, called the anomaly attenuation rate (AAR) method, involves computing radial averages of AARs with increasing distances from a range of assumed source centers. For well-isolated magnetic anomalies from ‘semi-compact' sources, the theoretical AARs range from 2 (close to the sources) to 3 (in the far-field region); the corresponding theoretical range of AARs for gravity anomalies is 1 to 2. When the estimated source centroid is incorrect, the AARs either exceed or fall short of the theoretical values. The levelling-off of the far-field AARs near their theoretical maximum values indicates the upper (deeper) bound of the centroid location. Similarly, near-field AARs lower than the theoretical minimum indicate the lower (shallower) bound of the centroid location. It is not always possible to determine usable upper and lower bounds of the centroids because the method depends on characteristics of sources/anomalies and the noise level of the data. For the environmental magnetic examples considered in this study, the determined deeper bounds were within 4% of the true centroid-to-observation distance. For the case of the gravity anomaly from the Bloomfield Pluton, Missouri, USA, determination of only the shallower bound of the centroid location (7 km) was possible. This estimate agrees closely with the centroid of a previously determined three-dimensional model of the Bloomfield Pluton. For satellite magnetic anomalies, the method is appropriate only for high-amplitude, near-circular anomalies due to the inherent low signal-to-noise ratio of satellite magnetic anomalies. Model studies indicate that the AAR method is able to place depths within ±20–30 km of actual center locations from a 400-km observation altitude. Thus, the method may be able to discriminate between upper crustal, lower crustal, and mantle magnetic sources. The results from the prominent Kentucky anomaly are relatively well-resolved (centroid depth 30 km below the Earth's surface). For the Kiruna Magsat anomaly, the deleterious effects from neighboring anomalies make a determination difficult (possible depth could be between 20 and 30 km). The centroid depths are deeper for the Kursk anomaly (40–50 km). These depths may indicate that magnetic anomalies from the near-surface Kursk iron formations (a known contributor) and deep crustal magnetic sources could combine to form the Kursk Magsat anomaly.     

区划调整的城市化效应——中山市的案例研究

改革开放以来,中国进入快速城市化发展期,地方政府在城市发展中的作用凸显,而区划调整是其最常用的行政手段之一。区划调整带来土地的快速非农化,但同时也带来了虚假城市化、被动城市化等诟病。本文通过对广东省中山市行政区划调整的案例研究,探讨了地方政府采取区划调整推动地区发展的时效性,并以此为基础,定义了“区划调整先导型城市化”的概念。即以区划调整为先导,带动乡村地区基础设施、产业结构、社会管理、居民意识等的城市化转型。这种转型过程在短期来看是“虚假”的,但从长时段来看则是一种由虚假→部分真实→真实的渐进城市化过程。对于该结论的普适性,尚待进一步的研究。     

藏东南波堆藏布江流域古乡冰期冰川重建

“古乡冰期”是青藏高原第四纪冰川作用中最具代表性的冰期之一,指代的是倒数第二次冰期,其命名依据来源于藏东南波堆藏布江谷地、保存于古乡一带的终碛-侧碛垄,已有的宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be暴露测年结果显示其发生于海洋氧同位素阶段（MIS）6。然而,古乡冰期时波堆藏布江流域冰川作用范围、冰量及平衡线高度（ELA）等关键信息,仍有待进一步研究。结合冰川地貌野外考察、高清遥感影像/卫星照片及绝对数值年龄,对波堆藏布江流域古乡冰期时的冰川作用范围进行了重建,在此基础上结合数字高程模型,运用冰面纵剖面模型对波堆藏布江流域古乡冰期时古冰川进行了数值模拟。结果显示：古乡冰期时流域内冰川的平均厚度约360 m,冰川总面积为2 648 km2,体积约为953 km3,流域内的冰川覆盖率由古乡冰期时的63%缩减至现在的22.4%。此外,运用积累区面积比率（AAR）法和末端-源头高度比率（THAR）法对波堆藏布江流域现代和古乡冰期时的冰川平衡线高度进行了估算。其中,现代冰川ELA为4 455 m,基于反距离加权法插值的古冰面高程计算出古乡冰期时ELA为3 871 m,比现代ELA低了584 m,古冰川ELA估算结果与前人结果基本一致。     

Calculation and visualisation of future glacier extent in the Swiss Alps by means of hypsographic modelling

The observed rapid glacier wastage in the European Alps during the past 20 years already has strong impacts on the natural environment (rock fall, lake formation) as well as on human activities (tourism, hydro-power production, etc.) and poses several new challenges also for glacier monitoring. With a further increase of global mean temperature in the future, it is likely that Alpine glaciers and the high-mountain environment as an entire system will further develop into a state of imbalance. Hence, the assessment of future glacier geometries is a valuable prerequisite for various impact studies. In order to calculate and visualize in a consistent manner future glacier extent for a large number of individual glaciers (> 100) according to a given climate change scenario, we have developed an automated and simple but robust approach that is based on an empirical relationship between glacier size and the steady-state accumulation area ratio (AAR₀) in the Alps. The model requires digital glacier outlines and a digital elevation model (DEM) only and calculates new glacier geometries from a given shift of the steady-state equilibrium line altitude (ELA₀) by means of hypsographic modelling. We have calculated changes in number, area and volume for 3062 individual glacier units in Switzerland and applied six step changes in ELA₀ (from + 100 to + 600 m) combined with four different values of the AAR₀ (0.5, 0.6, 0.67, 0.75). For an AAR₀ of 0.6 and an ELA₀ rise of 200 m (400 m) we calculate a total area loss of − 54% (− 80%) and a corresponding volume loss of − 50% (− 78%) compared to the 1973 glacier extent. In combination with a geocoded satellite image, the future glacier outlines are also used for automated rendering of perspective visualisations. This is a very attractive tool for communicating research results to the general public. Our study is illustrated for a test site in the Upper Engadine (Switzerland), where landscape changes above timberline play an important role for the local economy. The model is seen as a first-step approach, where several parts can be (and should be) further developed.     

天文大气折射的级数展开式

对天文大气折射的级数展开理论进行了研究,给出了新的级数展开式。新的级数展开式能够展开到任意阶次项,并且达到了亚毫角秒的理论精度;另外,把地面附近的位相折射指数作为未知数单独提出来,适应了光学技术在不同观测波长情况下的处理,并给出了以视天顶距正切为引数的级数展开式。这一成果将可完全取代普尔科沃大气折射表公式,也可以利用该方法进行射线跟踪的理论研究。     

A unified approach for long-term behavior and seismic response of AAR-affected concrete dams

Concrete dams suffering from alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) exhibit swelling and deterioration of concrete or even cracking over a long period. The deterioration of concrete may significantly affect the dynamic behavior of the structures, and it is necessary to estimate seismic safety of the deteriorated dams subjected to strong earthquakes. A unified approach is presented in this paper for long-term behavior and seismic response analysis of AAR-affected concrete dams by combining AAR kinetics, effects of creep and plastic-damage model in the finite element method. The proposed method is applied to a gravity dam and an arch dam. The long-term behavior of the AAR-affected dams is first predicted in terms of anisotropic swelling, spatially non-uniform deterioration of concrete, and cracking initiation and propagation with the development of AAR. The seismic response of the deteriorated dams is subsequently analyzed based on the state of the structures at the end of the long-term analysis. The AAR-induced expansion displacements obtained from the proposed method are in good agreement with the measured ones in the long-term operation. The simulated cracking patterns in the dams caused by the continuing AAR are also similar to the field observation. The results from the seismic analysis show that AAR-induced deterioration of concrete and cracking may lead to more severe damage cracking in the dams during earthquake. The dynamic displacements are also increased compared with the dams that are not suffering from AAR. The seismic safety of the AAR-affected concrete dams is significantly reduced because of the AAR-induced deterioration of concrete and cracking.