顾及地形起伏的无人机影像覆盖分析方法

使用无人机实施测绘航空摄影时，由于无人机相对航高较低，地面起伏会对无人机影像的分辨率、覆盖范围、重叠度造成较大的影响，影像成果会出现分辨率不足、重叠度不够、覆盖漏洞等缺陷。针对这一情况，本文提出了一种利用数字微分正解法的计算方法，借助DEM准确计算每张影像的覆盖范围，并使用FME软件高效生成全部影像的覆盖范围。经过实际使用，验证了该方法可以在航线设计阶段准确预测并分析全部影像的覆盖范围、重叠度，因此可及时发现设计问题并调整航线。该方法可以有效减少因地形起伏造成的影像覆盖缺陷，减少返工现象，从整体上提高了作业效率。     

针对地质灾害隐患点的无人机航摄像控点布点方案

以陕西省某地质灾害隐患点1∶2000航飞生产任务为背景，本文结合垂直起降式无人机航摄技术特点和地质灾害隐患点区域实际情况，通过详细对比几种无人机航摄像控点布控方案的优劣，研究无人机像控点布设方案对空三加密精度的影响，总结了适用于不同地质灾害隐患点的像控点布设方案。通过本文研究，为今后制定地质灾害隐患点的无人机航摄像控点布设方案提供了参考依据。     

Growth of Five Species of Gorgonians (Sub-Class Octocorallia) in the Sedimented Waters of Singapore

Abstract. Annual growth rates of gorgonians in the Indo-Pacific region are reported ror the first tinie. A method of measuring gorgonian growth using periodic photographic monitoring that is sensitive to horizontal growth and changes in growth foci but that does not require tedious underwater measurements is applied. Growth parameters of five species of gorgonians from three Families ( Plexauridae. Melithaeidae . and Subergorgiidae ) were monitored over a period of 18 months using this method. Growth rates ranged from 2.30 cm a^-1 to 7.88 cm. a ^-1 in the highly sedimented waters of Singapore. The maximum number of branches added per year ranged from 1.7 to 14.5.     

Land-Parcel Land-Use History as a Key to Site Selection for Documenting Soil Contamination Risk： a Case Study from Australian Suburbia

In that orcharding in early-to-mid twentieth century southeastern Australia involved use of certain heavy metal and As compounds in regular pest-control spray procedures, some interest attaches to the possibility that these landparcels are underlain by soils with above-background Cu, Pb and As levels. Interpreta- tion of Land-cover changes allowed land parcels previously occupied by orchards to be identified in the 1950s through time-series air-photos. A comparison of soil analysis results referring to soil samples from control sites, and from land parcels formerly occupied by orchardists, shows that contamination （above-background） levels of cations in the pesticides can be found in the top 6 cm of former orchard soils. It is clear that digital spatial data handling and culturally-informed air photo interpretation has a place in soil contamination studies, land-use planning （with particular reference to re-development） and in administration of public health.     

数字摄像能见度观测系统中实用黑体技术的应用

在数字摄像能见度观测系统 (DPVS) 中, 目标物的自身亮度难以实时测量, 给观测结果带来的不确定性不可忽略, 采用实用黑体技术可以大大减小乃至消除其造成的误差。作者对非黑体目标引起的测量误差进行了分析, 结果表明相对误差随着目标物反射率的增加和能见度的升高而增大, 为了保证测量精度, 需要采用反射率足够低的目标物。对于长方体结构的实用黑体腔, 采用多次反射法计算了其近轴向的半球-方向反射率与其特性参数之间的关系。在没有观测到侧壁的前提下, 其轴向反射率最大, 随着偏离轴线角度的增加, 反射率逐渐减小。轴向反射率随腔体长度与开口边长比值的增加而迅速减小, 而腔体宽度增加引起的变化不明显。另外, 作者还推导了在考虑弥散成像时对实用黑体开口尺寸最小需求的计算公式, 也给出了符合一定条件的实用黑体轴向反射率的近似计算公式, 从而提供了DPVS中实用黑体参数选择的基本原则。最后, 给出了DPVS采用非黑体和实用黑体目标计算能见度的对比试验结果, 充分说明了在DPVS中采用实用黑体技术的必要性和可行性。     

Analytical methods Of assessing the image quality associated with digital and photographic imaging systems

The introduction of digital cameras for aerial survey photography and use of scanners with processed aerial film present a number of technical questions concerning the way photography is to be acquired in the future. Among the questions to be addressed are the comparative metric properties of images acquired by each system and the associated image quality characteristics. The new digital camera systems will require very careful appraisal, using well-established methods of assessing metric quality already available to survey organisations. The questions concerning image quality are more difficult to answer, as they require very specialised instrumentation if measurements are to be made directly in practice. Over the course of the past several decades a more analytical approach to assessing image quality has emerged, and one that may be used by individuals. The method is particularly effective where information on the micro-image characteristics of products is made available by the manufacturers concerned. An outline is given of some considerations that need to be taken into account when using an analytical approach, with references given for further reading.     

Exploration of remotely sensed forest structure and ultrasonic range sensor metrics to improve empirical snow models

Current methods to estimate snow accumulation and ablation at the plot and watershed levels can be improved as new technologies offer alternative approaches to more accurately monitor snow dynamics and their drivers. Here we conduct a meta‐analysis of snow and vegetation data collected in British Columbia to explore the relationships between a wide range of forest structure variables – obtained from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), hemispherical photography (HP) and Landsat Thematic Mapper – and several indicators of snow accumulation and ablation estimated from manual snow surveys and ultrasonic range sensors. By merging and standardizing all the ground plot information available in the study area, we demonstrate how LiDAR‐derived forest cover above 0.5 m was the variable explaining the highest percentage of absolute peak snow water equivalent (SWE) (33%), while HP‐derived leaf area index and gap fraction (45° angle of view) were the best potential predictors of snow ablation rate (explaining 57% of variance). This study reveals how continuous SWE data from ultrasonic sensors are fundamental to obtain statistically significant relationships between snow indicators and structural metrics by increasing mean r² by 20% when compared to manual surveys. The relationships between vegetation and spectral indices from Landsat and snow indicators, not explored before, were almost as high as those shown by LiDAR or HP and thus point towards a new line of research with important practical implications. While the use of different data sources from two snow seasons prevented us from developing models with predictive capacity, a large sample size helped to identify outliers that weakened the relationships and suggest improvements for future research. A concise overview of the limitations of this and previous studies is provided along with propositions to consistently improve experimental designs to take advantage of remote sensing technologies, and better represent spatial and temporal variations of snow. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维实景地图生产与应用

实景地图近年来发展迅速,在日常生活中应用广泛,如旅游景点、宾馆、银行、政府服务中心等的空间位置查询、服务内容介绍等。实景地图的生产方法、生产流程有多种多样,产品质量参差不齐。目前,利用轻型无人机航空摄影系统实现三维全景地图生产,生产方式方便、高效且质量较好。该文介绍了生产三维实景地图的无人机系统及三维实景地图生产方法与过程,通过采用无人机系统实景地图的生产实例,讲述了实景地图应用现状、发展前景及存在的问题。     

基于 Lidar 数据和倾斜摄影的城市三维模型构建

针对传统建模方式建模效率低、模型纹理不够丰富真实等缺点,阐述一种以机载Lidar技术来获取地面点高精度的三维坐标、用倾斜摄影测量为三维建模提供纹理的一种新兴的三维建模方式。实验表明,该建模方式不仅工作效率高、真实反应城市空间布局,而且定位精度高、具备可量测分析功能等,同时提供DOM,DEM,点云数据,倾斜影像等数据。     

Use of cartographic images by expert and novice field geologists in planning fieldwork routes

Topographic maps and aerial photographs are particularly useful when geoscientists are faced with fieldwork tasks such as selecting paths for observation, establishing sampling schemes, or defining field regions. These types of images are crucial in bedrock geologic mapping, a cognitively complex field-based problem-solving task. Geologic mapping requires the geologist to correctly identify rock types and three-dimensional bedrock structures from often partial or poor-quality outcrop data while navigating through unfamiliar terrain. This paper compares the walked routes of novice to expert geologists working in the field (n = 66) with the results of a route planning and navigation survey of a similar population of geologists (n = 77). Results show clearly that those geologists with previous mapping experience make quick and decisive determinations about field areas from available imagery and maps, regardless of whether they are or not physically present in the field area. Recognition of geologic features enabled experts to form and verbalize a specific plan for travel through a landscape based on those features. Novices were less likely to develop specific travel route plans and were less likely to identify critical landscape cues from aerial photographs.