浙江省安吉县山区竹类资源综合利用

安吉县竹类资源优势突出 ,使其综合利用已初具规模 .竹业工业已成为新兴工业门类 .竹业经济已是地方经济的一个台柱子 .但竹业结构不合理 ,竹制品雷同性大 ,增值率低 ,资源供需矛盾突出等日益明显 .对今后竹类资源综合利用和持续发展 ,提出了主要思路     

Characteristics of canopy interception loss in Moso bamboo forests of Japan

In recent years, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests have rapidly expanded in Japan by replacing surrounding coniferous and/or broadleaved forests. To evaluate the change in water yield from forested areas because of this replacement, it is necessary to examine evapotranspiration for Moso bamboo forests. However, canopy interception loss, one of the major components of evapotranspiration in forested areas, has been observed in only two Moso bamboo forests in Japan with relatively high stem density (~7000 stems/ha). There are, in fact, many Moso bamboo forests with much lower stem density. Thus, we made precipitation (Pr), throughfall (Tf) and stemflow (Sf) observations for 1 year in a Moso bamboo forest with stem density of 3611 stems/ha and quantified canopy interception loss (Ic). Pr and Ic for the experimental period were 1636 and 166 mm, respectively, and Ic/Pr was 10%. The value was approximately the same as values for the other two Moso bamboo forests and lower than values for coniferous and broadleaved forests. On the other hand, Tf/Pr and Sf/Pr for our forest (86% and 4%, respectively) were approximately 10% of Pr larger and smaller than values for the other two Moso bamboo forests. These results suggest that the difference in stem density greatly affects precipitation partitioning (i.e. Tf/Pr and Sf/Pr) but does not greatly change Ic/Pr. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天目湖流域丘陵山区典型土地利用类型氮流失特征

天目湖丘陵山区农业综合开发持续推进,大量林地转变为茶园,迫切需要认识茶园扩张对流域氮流失的影响.本研究选取茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林开展自然降雨条件下的径流小区实验,分析天目湖丘陵山区典型用地类型径流氮流失规律,为评估丘陵山区综合开发的水环境影响提供实测参数.研究表明:茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林地表径流TN浓度分别为11.25、2.83和3.60 mg/L,均以溶解态为主;壤中流TN浓度分别为27.16、3.59和1.06 mg/L,茶园和次生马尾松林均以溶解性无机氮(尤其是硝态氮)为主,毛竹林以溶解性有机氮为主;茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林的小区尺度地表径流系数均不到0.03,壤中流是丘陵山区径流的主要来源;茶园开发加剧了丘陵山区的氮素流失,茶园径流TN流失强度高达103.08 kg/(hm²·a),分别是次生马尾松林和毛竹林的7.6和23.2倍,壤中流贡献了流失总量的86.7%~99.7%.防治茶园径流氮流失需重点关注壤中流输出,在减量施肥的基础上,采取坡脚构建毛竹林生态缓冲带/在小流域出口布设塘坝等原位拦截措施,实现流域氮流失综合防控.     

Hydrological characteristics of a moso-bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest in south china

Since 1986 the multiple benefits of moso-bamboo forest, a special forest type found mainly in south China, have been investigated in a small 11.7 ha watershed in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province. The mean annual precipitation in the study area is 1593.3 mm. For the 0–60 cm soil layer the average soil bulk density is 1.00 g/cm³, and the mean values for other soil properties are: total porosity 71.74%; non-capillary porosity 5.81%; and water retention capacity 430 mm. The maximum effective water retention capacity of 313 mm is 28% higher than that for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations and natural broadleaved forest in the neighbouring area. The parameters f₀, f_c and k, in Horton's infiltration equation, measured using the double-ring method under drought conditions, are 29.10 mm/min, 8.28 mm/min and 0.2391, respectively. These infiltration properties are more favourable than those under nearby Chinese fir plantations. Compared with a Chinese fir plantation, the canopy interception ratio of moso-bamboo is lower, but the stemflow ratio is higher. The annual canopy interception ratio is 11.1%. Because of snowfall, the interception ratios in January, February and March are higher, with values of 12.1–17.2%, whereas during the period of leaf fall in April, May and June the interception ratios are lower with values of 9.2–9.5%. During the other months they are relatively constant. The annual stemflow ratio is 4.4%. Again, because of snowfall, the stemflow ratios in January, February and March are lower with values of 2.8–2.9%, whereas during the remaining months they are fairly constant. Runoff analysis shows that the annual runoff ratio in this research watershed is 54.8%, but the ratio for quick runoff, composed of direct runoff and surface runoff, is only 0.8%. The upper interflow ratio is 15% and the ratio for the slow runoff composed of deeper interflow and underflow is 39%. The moso-bamboo forest is very effective in reducing peak runoff and increasing low flows. The annual nutrient element inputs (kg/ha) to the moso-bamboo forest ecosystem associated with throughfall and stemflow are N 17.7, P 0.38, K 56.5, Ca 31.,4, Mg 4.8 and SiO₂ 26.2, respectively. All the measured element inputs, with the exception of P, are higher than those associated with precipitation in the open, where typical values are N 10.1, P 0.89, K 18.8, Ca 25.8, Mg 3.1 and SiO₂ 10.1. The annual outputs in streamflow are N 3.0, P 0.28, K 16.6, Ca 38.9, Mg 8.3 and SiO₂ 125.7, indicating that for N, P and K the moso-bamboo forest ecosystem is an accumulating system, whereas for Ca, Mg and SiO₂ the reverse applies. All the pH values associated with precipitation in the open, throughfall, stemflow, surface runoff from runoff plots and streamflow in the research watershed vary between 6.45 and 7.60 and are close to neutral.     

沿海滩涂软弱地基上轻质硬壳堤坝的构筑

为了能在各种不同地质的滩涂上快速、经济、高效地建造堤坝,实施水产养殖业,提出了轻质硬壳堤坝在滩涂软弱地基上的应用结构体系,阐述了硬壳轻质堤坝的构造和选材、设计思路及施工方法.与软弱地基上传统堤坝相比,轻质硬壳堤坝具有施工快、稳定性好、防冲蚀、防渗性好等特点.以竹胶合板为硬壳材料,以稻草等作轻质垫层,以螺栓等作连接的竹胶合板轻质硬壳堤坝的应用,提高了在软弱地基和砂土地基滩涂上的水产养殖效益.     

构建“大南岳旅游圈”背景下的南岳衡山竹文化旅游开发研究

南岳衡山素以云海、林海、花海而称胜。在国民生活方式和行为意识由"小康型"向"生态型"升华,并以竹文化生态旅游为时尚的当今世界,南岳衡山对游客的吸引力日渐凸显。因其具有毛竹生产的适宜生态环境、竹文化旅游开发的交通区位优势,同时具有竹林面积大而分布相对集中、竹品开发历史悠久而用途广泛、竹文化工艺品位高且知名度大等资源特色,预示着其竹文化旅游市场前景广阔。但必须保证重点、择优开发、规划先行、科学兴竹,且宜于主打"中华寿岳"竹文化品牌,重点发展竹文化长寿养生休闲度假旅游,优先开发后山竹文化旅游资源。     

华北地台早古生代竹叶状灰岩岩石特征及成因研究进展

砾屑灰岩在华北地台寒武系-奥陶系广泛发育,竹叶状灰岩只是其中一种,且所指范围界限模糊,常与其他类型的砾屑灰岩伴生在一起。古代陆表海提供了砾屑灰岩广泛发育的环境基础。潮坪和潮下开阔海是陆表海广泛发育的基本地貌单元,也是砾屑灰岩形成的重要场所。古板块运动表明,寒武纪华北地台处于低纬度地区,符合古风暴频发的要求。风暴及潮汐流是砾屑灰岩形成的主要动力。另外,成岩过程中的压实和固结脱水也是板条状砾屑的重要成因。条带状薄层灰泥石灰岩与泥岩及泥质灰岩的频繁互层是发生破碎并形成砾屑的物质基础。华北地台砾屑灰岩具有多种成因,可以按照砾屑的颜色特征、形态及磨圆程度、砾屑灰岩的支撑结构、充填物的类型等进行区分并进行成因分析。     

基于SWOT分析的建瓯市竹业旅游的发展对策

针对建瓯市竹业旅游的开发现状,运用SWOT分析方法,综合分析建瓯市竹业旅游发展过程中的优势、劣势、机会和威胁。结果表明：建瓯市竹业旅游的开发优势相当突出,具有很大的开发价值;同时,制约建瓯市竹业旅游的因素主要有旅游市场竞争的日益激烈及资金投入不足导致的一系列问题。针对建瓯市竹业旅游开发过程中的内外部情况,从资金政策、人才技术、品牌建设、宣传、合作开发、资源环境保护等六方面提出了发展建瓯市竹业旅游的对策,以实现将威胁转化为机遇、劣势转化为优势,突破建瓯市竹业旅游发展瓶颈。     

对角预应力拉索重组竹框架地震易损性分析

传统的竹（木）框架结构因其抗侧力性能差,导致地震灾害下损失较大。在竹（木）框架中增设对角预应力拉索,可以有效地提高其抗侧刚度。为研究重组竹框架结构中对角预应力拉索对结构抗震失效概率,采用增量动力分析（IDA）对其易损性进行分析。通过定义3个性能水平,以地震峰值加速度作为地震强度指标,结构的层间位移角作为结构响应参数,分析得到无对角预应力拉索的重组竹框架的地震易损性曲线。最后分析对角预应力拉索对重组竹框架,得到2种预应力水平下的地震易损性曲线,并与无对角预应力拉索的重组竹框架的地震易损性曲线进行了对比,研究对角预应力拉索对重组竹框架地震易损性的影响。     

川西山区大熊猫主食竹野外光谱特性

本文以遥感技术的基础手段——野外光谱测试方法,在我国首次研究了川西山区若干大熊猫主食竹在不同生长发育期和不同季节的野外光谱反射率,从而得出主食竹在不同生长发育状态下的光谱特性及光谱变化规律。主食竹开花前后的光谱变化,可作为预测开花的一条途径。