基于全球闪电定位网的江淮闪电定位网探测效率分析：以台风“利奇马”为例

基于全球闪电定位网(World Wide Lightning Location Network,WWLLN)获取的闪电定位资料对江淮闪电定位网(Jianghuai Area Sferic Array,JASA)在内陆及近海区域的闪电实时探测性能进行评估。通过对2019年第9号超强台风“利奇马”期间产生的闪电活动进行对比分析,发现JASA和WWLLN对台风闪电的径向分布、时间变化和空间变化有较好的一致性,绝大部分闪电发生在云顶亮温小于220 K区域;在台风发展阶段,内核区闪电活动较为频繁,在台风成熟和消亡阶段时,闪电主要分布外雨带,内核区的闪电活动少但集中。在探测效率方面,JASA对江淮区域实时定位到的闪电数远多于WWLLN,相对探测效率和绝对探测效率分别为69.12%和92.51%。而在海洋区域(114～130°E,20～24°N和123～130°E,24～32°N),由于受到JASA站点位置分布的限制,闪电实时定位数略少于WWLLN,其相对探测效率和绝对探测效率分别为32.67%和52.26%。研究结果表明了JASA对内陆及近海区域雷暴具备较强的捕获能力,为实时监测台风期间强对流闪电...     

Land-Sea Contrast in the Lightning Diurnal Variation as Observed by the WWLLN and LIS/OTD Data

Data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) for the period 2005-2011 and data composite of the Lightning Imaging Sensor/Optical Transient Detector (LIS/OTD) for 1995-2010 are used to analyze the lightning activity and its diurnal variation over land and ocean of the globe. The Congo basin shows a peak mean annual flash density of 160.7 fl km-2 yr-1 according to the LIS/OTD. The annual mean land to ocean flash ratio is 9.6:1, which confirms the result from Christian et al. in 2003 based on only 5-yr OTD data. The lightning density detected by the WWLLN is in general one order of magnitude lower than that of the LIS/OTD. The diurnal cycle of the lightning activity over land shows a single peak, with the maximum activity occurring around 1400-1900 LT (Local Time) and a minimum in the morning from both datasets. The oceanic diurnal variation has two peaks: the early morning peak between 0100 and 0300 LT and the afternoon peak with a stronger intensity between 1100 and 1400 LT over the Pacific Ocean, as revealed from the WWLLN dataset; whereas the diurnal variation over ocean in the LIS/OTD dataset shows a large fluctuation.     

基于闪电聚类方法的西北太平洋区域雷暴活动特征

利用2010—2018年全球闪电定位网(WWLLN)观测资料, 采用基于闪电密度的空间聚类算法(DBSCAN)建立了西北太平洋地区雷暴数据集, 研究了该区域雷暴的时空分布特征, 并进行海陆差异对比。研究结果表明, 在合理设定DBSCAN参数阈值的条件下, 基于WWLLN闪电聚类的雷暴与天气雷达观测在时空分布和过程演变上具有一致性。西北太平洋区域的日均雷暴数为3 869, 雷暴的闪电密集区平均面积为557.91km2, 平均延展尺度为31.99 km, 平均闪电频次为33 str/(h·thu)。在空间分布上, 东南亚沿海地区与热带岛屿的雷暴活动最强, 南海的雷暴活动强于深海。距离海岸线越近的海域其雷暴面积越大。在季节分布上, 整个区域雷暴活动在夏季(6—8月)达到全年最强, 南海雷暴活动6月达到峰值, 而日本东部近海海域的雷暴活动则在冬季达到最强。我国内陆南方地区雷暴3月开始显著增多, 雷暴平均面积达到最大, 但雷暴平均闪电频次5月才达到峰值。在日变化方面, 陆地雷暴活动呈现典型的单峰型特征, 大部分雷暴发生在午后及傍晚。海洋雷暴日变化则较为平缓, 南海具有其独特的雷暴日变化特征。      

基于卫星资料的全球闪电定位系统探测效率评估

基于2005-2010年间OTD/LIS闪电观测数据,评估了同期全球闪电定位系统(World Wide Lightning Location Network,WWLLN)的平均探测效率,分别就全球和三大闪电高发区的闪电活动特征,对WWLLN的探测效率进行了讨论分析。OTD/LIS探测得到的全球闪电密度最高值在非洲地区,为160.7km^-2·a^-1;而WWLLN探测到的闪电密度的最高值在北美洲为15.7km^-2·a^-1。由于WWLLN探测系统子站在全球布网不均匀,在全球不同区域,WWLLN的探测效率不同。在东南亚地区,WWLLN的探测效率为8.62%;在非洲地区,WWLLN的探测效率为1.86%;在南北美洲,WWLLN的探测效率为7.18%。除此之外,随着月份的变化,不同地区WWLLN的探测效率也不尽相同。如在东南亚,12月的探测效率最高为13.78%;非洲地区2月探测效率最高为2.49%;南北美洲地区,10月探测效率最高为8.44%。随着站点的逐年增多和定位方法的改进,WWLLN的探测效率也在不断提高。3大闪电高发区WWLLN的探测效率呈现明显的逐年增高。     

西太平洋台风最大风速与闪电活动特征

利用全球闪电定位网（World WideLightning Location Network,WWWLLN）获取的闪电定位资料和中国气象局上海台风所提供的台风路径数据,统计分析了2005--2010年在西太平洋洋面上发生的55次台风过程中闪电活动特征及闪电频数与最大风速的相关性。结果表明,在西太平洋地区台风系统中发生的闪电大致有3个高发区,分别位于距台风中心20—40km的云墙区、280～340km与440～580km的外云带中。台风中心出现最大风速的时刻往往滞后于闪电频数峰值出现时刻,滞后时间一般在0～24h内,平均滞后时间为26．6h。因此,台风中闪电活动的频繁程度对24h内的台风强度发展具有一定的指示意义。     

Lightning activity and its relation to the intensity of typhoons over the Northwest Pacific Ocean

ABSTRACT Data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network （WWLLN） were used to analyze the lightning activity and the relationship between maximum sustained wind and lightning rate in 69 tropical cyclones over the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 2005 to 2009. The minimum lightning density was observed in the category 2 typhoon Kong-Rey （2007）, with a value of only 1.15 d-1 （100 kin）-2. The maximum lightning density occurred in the category 2 typhoon Mitag （2007）, with a value of 510.42 d-1 （100 km）-2. The average lightning density decreased with radius from the typhoon center in both weak （categories 1-3） and super （categories 4-5） typhoons. The average lightning density in the inner core of super typhoons was more than twice as large as that for weak typhoons. Both groups of typhoons showed a near-monotonic decrease in lightning density with radius. Results also showed that lightning activity was more active in typhoons that made landfall than in those that did not. The mean correlation coefficient between the accumulated flashes within a 600-kin radius and the maximum wind speed in the weak typhoons and super typhoons was 0.81 and 0.74, respectively. For more than 78% （56%） of the super （weak） typhoons, the lightning activity peaked before the maximum sustained wind speed, with the most common leading time being 30 （60） h. The results suggest that, for the Northwest Pacific Ocean, lightning activity might be used as a measurement of the intensification of typhoons.