Low and high flow analyses and wavelet application for characterization of the Blue Nile River system

The low and high flow characteristic of the Blue Nile River (BNR) basin is presented. The study discusses low and high flow, flow duration curve (FDC) and trend analysis of the BNR and its major tributaries. Different probability density functions were fitted to better describe the low and high flows of the BNR and major tributaries in the basin. Wavelet analysis was used in understanding the variance and frequency‐time localization and detection of dominant oscillations in rainfall and flow. FDCs were developed, and low flow (below 50% exceedance) and high flow (over 75% exceedance) of the curves were analysed and compared. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite‐based maps of monthly changes in gravity converted to water equivalents from 2003 to 2006 for February, May and September showed an increase in the moisture influx in the BNR basin for the month of September, and loss of moisture in February and May. It was also shown that 2004 and 2005 were drier with less moisture influx compared to 2003 and 2006. On the basis of the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov, Anderson‐Darling and Chi‐square tests, Gen. Pareto, Frechet 3P, Log‐normal, Log‐logistics, Fatigue Life and Phased Bi‐Weibull distributions best describe the low and high flows within the BNR basin. This will be beneficial in developing flow hydrographs for similar ungauged watersheds within the BNR basin. The below 50% and above 75% exceedance on the FDC for five major rivers in addition to the BNR showed different characteristics depending on size, land cover, topography and other factors. The low flow frequency analysis of the BNR at Bahir Dar showed 0·55 m³/s as the monthly low flow with recurrence interval of 10 years. The wavelet analysis of the rainfall (at Bahir Dar and basin‐wide) and flows at three selected stations shows inter‐ and intra‐annual variability of rainfall and flows at various scales. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青海湖流域50年来(1956-2007年)河川径流量变化趋势——以布哈河和沙柳河为例

通过对青海湖流域布哈河和沙柳河50年来的河川径流量分析发现,布哈河和沙柳河年径流量50年来没有显著的变化趋势,这两条河流的河川径流量对青海湖水位下降所起的作用不明显;布哈河月平均流量的年际变化在1月、2月和3月有减少的趋势,沙柳河月平均流量的年际变化在1月、2月、4月和5月亦有减少的趋势;布哈河的径流量大于沙柳河的径流量,在55%-91%频率范围内,布哈河的径流量小于沙柳河的径流量,在其它频率范围内,布哈河的径流量显著大于沙柳河的径流量,在一年中,布哈河和沙柳河的月径流量具有显著的差异;布哈河来水丰沛期是20世纪60年代,贫乏期是90年代,70和80年代为平水期;沙柳河月径流量从20世纪60年代到90年代一直比较稳定,没有发生显著的变化.     

一种新颖的软磁盘驱动器写预补偿及数据分离电路

在研制开发８０９８单片机接软磁盘驱动器的电路中，对ＩＢＭＰＣ／ＸＴ机的磁盘驱动器接口卡做了仔细研究。该卡的两个主要接口部分：写预补偿和数据分离电路的原理、结构都较复杂、不易移植。为此研制了两种替代电路。其设计思想还可以被其它类似的电路所借鉴。文章详细讨论了这两个电路的工作过程，并给出了数据分离电路完整的时序图。     

A new method for modelling flow duration curves and predicting streamflow regimes under altered land-use conditions / Une nouvelle méthode de modélisation des courbes de débits classés et de prévision des régimes d'écoulement sous conditions modifiées d'occupation du sol

Abstract

The impact of changes in land-use/cover on streamflow at short time scales is evaluated by examining the changes in the flow duration curve (FDC) before and after land-use/cover change. The FDC characterizes the relationship between the magnitude and frequency and hence provides the complete range of streamflow over time. Two issues need to be considered in predicting the FDC due to land-use changes: (a) the appropriate parametric form of the FDC that enables application of the same expression of FDCs before and after the changes; and (b) the ability of parameters to capture and characterize the effect of land-use changes. In this paper, we propose a model which is a four-parameter double power form as a function of the FDC, where the two hydrological parameters represent the mean annual flow ([Qbar]) and the cease-to-flow point (τ expressed as a percentage), while the other two parameters (α and β) determine the shape of the FDC. The properties of this function are investigated in order to assign parameters to cope with the land-use changes. The model is used for several typical catchments in Australia for demonstration.     

洱海南部近岸微囊藻原位增殖的季节变化及影响因子

2017年7月—2018年4月在洱海南部近岸开展了4个季度的野外调查,利用细胞分裂频率法研究微囊藻原位增殖的季节变化及影响因子,结果显示:微囊藻细胞分裂频率的变化范围为6.13%～29.23%,白天显著大于夜间,但两个点位间和表中底3层间的差异均不显著;经计算,微囊藻原位生长速率的均值为(0.36±0.06)d^-1,总体高于其它有相关研究的湖泊。同时,微囊藻细胞分裂频率和原位生长速率具有显著的季节变化,表现为冬季最大(1月,19.65%±4.10%、(0.39±0.01)d^-1),秋季(10月,14.48%±4.73%、(0.36±0.02)d^-1)和夏季(7月,12.77%±3.81%、(0.37±0.07)d^-1)次之,春季(4月,10.37%±2.64%、(0.30±0.06) d^-1)最小,其中营养盐浓度的作用不明显,而地表太阳辐射和水温等影响较大。进一步分析发现,除地表太阳辐射外,影响细胞分裂频率昼夜变化的其它因子具有一定的季节异质性。研究结果可为深入研究洱海微囊藻水...