自升式钻井平台桩靴踩脚印应对措施对比研究

基于现有规范与文献研究提出的减小桩靴踩脚印附加响应的相关措施,首先基于耦合欧拉—拉格朗日(CEL)定量分析了传统纺锤形桩靴与新型桩靴在不同工况条件下插桩时桩靴地基土体相互作用机制,明确了最不利桩靴踩脚印工况时的插桩偏心距与桩坑深度。基于该最不利工况条件,对比分析了新型六孔莲蓬形桩靴、试踩法与地基钻孔法3种桩靴踩脚印应对措施的适用性与有效性。结果表明,相较于传统纺锤形桩靴,采用六孔莲蓬形桩靴使桩靴倾斜角与桩腿偏移距分别降低了33.13%和48.26%,说明结构在位稳定性更高。此外,通过对比分析得出,采用最佳设置方式进行试踩与钻孔处理后再进行桩靴贯入时,桩靴受到的水平滑动力峰值与桩腿RP₁处弯矩峰值相较于未处理时分别降低了29.47%、29.17%、34.7%、37.7%。可见,3种应对措施均能有效降低桩靴踩脚印后产生的不利影响,提高桩靴结构的在位稳定性。以最终减小不利附加响应程度作为评定标准：地基钻孔法>新型六孔莲蓬形桩靴>试踩法,由于地基钻孔法与试踩法均需增设额外机械设备及施工工序,大幅提高了工程造价,因此,在实际工程中,需要根据实际情况恰当选择应对措施。研究成果可为实际工程中应对桩靴踩脚印工况响应提供一定参考与借鉴。     

Effects of long-term cyclic horizontal loading on bucket foundations in saturated loose sand

A 1-g model experimental study was conducted to investigate the accumulated rotations and unloading stiffness of bucket foundations in saturated loose sand. One-way horizontal cyclic loading was applied to model bucket foundations with embedment ratios 0.5 and 1.0. Up to 10⁴ cycles of loading were applied at a frequency of 0.2 Hz varying load amplitudes. The accumulated rotation of the bucket foundations increased with the number of cycles and the load amplitudes. Empirical equations were proposed to describe the accumulated rotation of the foundations. The unloading stiffness of foundations increased with the number of cycles but decreased with an increase in load amplitude. The initial unloading stiffness of L/D = 1.0 (L is skirt length; D is foundation diameter) was approximately twice that of L/D = 0.5. Excess pore water pressure difference of 50% was observed between L/D = 0.5 and 1.0. The suction and static capacity of the bucket increased with increase of bucket embedment ratio with a difference of 69.5% and 73.6% respectively between L/D = 0.5 and 1.0.     

筒型桩靴在饱和砂土中的贯入阻力研究

桩靴贯入阻力的准确预测是自升式钻井平台安全作业的前提。通过小比尺模型试验,研究饱和砂土中桩靴贯入速度对筒型桩靴插桩性能的影响,并基于地基承载力理论提出筒型桩靴贯入阻力的计算方法,进而采用CEL有限元方法模拟筒型桩靴的贯入过程,并与试验结果进行比较。研究发现:当模型试验中桩靴贯入速度在0.1～0.3mm/s时,桩靴的贯入可看作是准静态过程,此时贯入阻力变化不大,采用基于地基承载力理论中的Hansen公式和Vesic公式可较为准确地计算出对应某一深度的贯入阻力;CEL有限元方法可有效模拟筒型桩靴的贯入过程,当桩靴的贯入速度为0.1～0.3mm/s时,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

插拔桩靴对临近桩靴承载力的影响研究

自升式钻井船桩靴的插拔过程将会对临近井口平台的桩靴基础产生不利影响。开展了室内模型试验研究,将试验结果与理论分析结果相结合,得到了桩靴插拔的影响范围及影响范围内土体强度的变化规律,并推导了桩靴插拔影响区内临近桩靴承载力的计算方法,与模型试验结果进行了对比验证。研究表明,桩靴插拔后砂土相对密实度降低,其降低程度随距桩靴距离的增加而逐渐减小,影响范围约为1倍桩靴直径。受桩靴插拔影响,临近桩靴的承载力下降,降低比例随两桩靴相对间距的增大而减小,随桩靴相对插深的增加而增加。当两桩靴相对间距大于2倍插拔桩靴直径时,可认为桩靴插拔对临近桩靴基础承载力无影响。     

黏土中自升式钻井船插桩对邻近桩基影响的分析方法

自升式钻井船是广泛用于浅、中水域油气资源开发的重要设施,经常紧邻固定式导管架平台进行作业。钻井船插桩就位过程中大量土体被排开,挤土效应会导致邻近导管架平台桩基承受很大的附加荷载,影响平台的正常设计性能,该效应在黏土中尤为显著。针对黏土中钻井船插桩对邻近桩基的影响这一实际问题,现有规范和分析方法存在明显不足。为此,建立了一套数值分析方法,把这一复杂问题分解成相对独立、简单的两个方面进行分析：一是采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉（ALE）数值方法,计算自由场地插桩周围土体产生的位移场;二是利用桩基水平力与位移关系曲线,即P-Y曲线,采用杆系-土弹簧的传统方法计算土体位移产生的桩体加载。通过与已有离心试验数据的比较,验证了该方法的可靠性和适用性。研究揭示了自由场地土体的变形模式和流动机制,阐明了由于插桩邻近桩基产生的附加荷载变化规律,特别是发现了黏土变形参数 对插桩引起的自由场地土体位移场有显著影响,但对插桩引起的桩基加载影响较小。最后,针对导管架对桩基的桩头约束条件和插桩及导管架自身对桩基的线性叠加加载适用性问题给出了详细说明。     

Experimental investigation of the vertical pullout cyclic response of bucket foundations in sand

A series of 1 g model tests was conducted to investigate the accumulated vertical pullout displacement and unloading stiffness of bucket foundations embedded in dry and saturated sands. The foundations were subjected to vertical pullout cyclic loading with different load amplitudes. Cyclic load was applied up to 10⁴ cycles. Test results showed that the accumulated vertical pullout displacement increased with the increase in the number of load cycles and cyclic load amplitudes. The unloading stiffness of the bucket foundations decreased with the increase in load amplitude and number of cycles. Empirical equations were proposed based on the test results to evaluate the accumulated vertical pullout displacement and unloading stiffness of the bucket foundations in saturated sand. These equations can be used for the preliminary design of single or tripod bucket foundations.     

插桩过程对临近平台桩基础的影响研究

由于大型自升式钻井船的插桩位置通常距离海上钻井与采油平台较近,桩靴的插入过程可能会对临近平台的桩基础承载力和稳定性产生不利影响。以实际工程为背景,运用球孔扩张理论推导挤土效应产生的水平附加应力大小及其范围;提出一种近似考虑动力挤土效应的拟静力数值模拟方法,分析桩靴下沉到不同深度处时的桩基承载力、桩身应力和最大水平位移,并与静力分析结果进行对比。研究表明,桩靴插入过程对周围土体产生巨大的挤压和扰动作用,使得桩基承载力降低,桩身应力变大,最大水平位移增加;与静力法计算数值相比,由挤土效应导致的单桩承载力下降6%~8%,桩身应力增大30%~80%,桩身最大变形量增长1倍。     

Deep Penetration of Spudcan Foundation into Double Layered Soils

The spudcan foundation has been widely used in offshore engineering for jack-up figs. However, “punch through”failure often occurs where a stronger soil layer overlays a softer soil layer. In this study, spudcan penetration into double layered soils is investigated numerically. The soil profde is set up as a stronger soil layer overlaying a softer soil layer,with the soil strength ratio ( bottom soil strength / top soil strength) varied from 0.1 to 1.0 ( 1 means uniform soil). The bearing bohaviour is discussed and the beating capacity factors are given for various cases involving different layer thicknesses and different strength ratios of the two clay layers. The development of the plastic zones and the effect of soil selfweight on the beating capacity are also discussed. From this study, it is found that, when a spudcan is distant from the soil layer boundary, the spudean can be analysed with single soil layer data. However, when a spudcan becomes closer to the soil boundary layer, the influence of the lower soft soil layer is significant, and the beating capacity of the spudean decreases. The critical distance is an indication of the occurrence of “punch through” failure. The critical distance between the spudcan and the layer boundary is larger for a rough spudean than the one for a smooth one, and the critical distance decreases with increasing soil strength ratio. The depth of cavity formed during initial spudcan penetration depends on the top layer soil strength, soil strength ratio and unit soil self-weight, and the cavity affects the spudcan beating behaviour as well.     

现代黄河水下三角洲粉土的临界水力坡降探讨

通过室内试验，测定不同密实度粉土的临界水力坡降。由试验结果可以看出，粉土的临界水力坡降与一般砂土有着较大差异，一般耗生土临界水力坡降icr＝（ρ-ρw）/ρw，变化范围在0.8-1.5之产，而现代黄河水下三角洲粉土的临界水力坡降为9.5-16.5。同时对土体进行受力分析，考虑颗粒间的凝聚力，对以上结果产生的机理,工找出临界水力坡降与其物理性质指标之间的关系。     

Undrained bearing capacity of spudcan under combined loading

The bearing capacities of spudcan foundation under pure vertical (V),horizontal (H),moment (M) loading and the combined loading are studied based on a series of three-dimensional finite element analysis.The effects of embedment ratio and soil non-homogeneity on the bearing capacity are investigated in detail.The capacities of spudcan under different pure loading are expressed in non-dimensional bearing capacity factors,which are compared with published results.Ultimate limit states under combined loading are presented by failure envelopes,which are expressed in terms of dimensionless and normalized form in three-dimensional load space.The comparison between the presented failure envelopes and available published numerical results reveals that the size and shape of failure envelopes are dependent on the embedment ratio and the non-homogeneity of the soil.