渤、黄海生态环境模拟的参数敏感度空间差异分析

随着海洋生态系统模型的发展，生态变量增多，众多生物过程参数量值的确定成为制约生态环境模拟的瓶颈问题，生态系统结构区域性要求模型中的生态参数具有区域差异。为探究不同海区的关键参数及参数敏感度的空间差异，本研究在渤、黄海建立了ROMS-CoSiNE物理–生物耦合的高分辨率生态系统模型，并对13种生态参数的敏感度空间分布进行分析。结果表明:南黄海中部与渤海及近岸海域的敏感度差异较大。渤海敏感度最大的参数为决定光合速率的浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率，其次为浮游动物捕食半饱和常数和浮游动物最大捕食率。而南黄海中部敏感度最大的参数为浮游动物最大捕食率，其次为浮游植物死亡率和浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率。结合敏感度分布及浮游植物生物量收支得出，渤海水体透明度较南黄海偏低、浮游植物生长光限制较强，是引起浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率敏感度在渤海高于黄海的主要原因。浮游动物最大捕食率及浮游植物死亡率的敏感度空间差异，受渤、黄海浮游植物生物量差异的影响，与生态系统中的高度非线性特征有关。     

Revisiting Sustainable Development of Dry Valleys in Hengduan Mountains Region

Dry valleys are a striking geographic landscape in Hengduan Mountains Region and are characterized by low rainfall, desert type of vegetation and fragile environment. Past efforts and resources have been concentrated mainly on rehabilitation of degraded ecosystem and fragile environment, particularly reforestation, while socio-economic development has been largely overlooked. Despite successes in pocket areas, the overall trend of unsustainability and environmental deterioration are continuing. It is important to understand that uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is the root cause of development of dry valleys, and development and formation of dry valleys is a natural process. Human intervention has played a secondary role in development of dry valleys and degradation of dry valleys though human intervention in many cases has speeded up environmental degradation of the dry valleys. It is important to understand that dry valleys are climatic enclaves and an integrated approach that combines rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and socio-economic development should be adopted if the overall goal of sustainable development of dry valleys is to be achieved. Promotion of niche-based cash crops, rural energy including hydropower, solar energy, biogas and fuelwood plantation is recommended as the priority activities.     

绿色和平组织与日本捕鲸船之间的冲突升级

远在南极洲附近的冰冷水域中，由环保主义者组成的绿色和平组织和一队日本捕鲸船之间的对峙逐渐升级，双方互相指责对方危害各自的船只安全。     

Utilisation and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan＇s Mountain Forests

Using political ecology as its conceptual framework, this paper focuses on the changes in forest utilisation and management of South Kyrgyzstan＇s walnut-fruit forests over the last century The aim of this study on human-environment interactions is to investigate the relationship between actors on the one side, their interests and demands, and the forests and forested lands on the other. Forest resource utilisation and management - and even the recognition of different forest products as resources - are connected with political and socioeconomic conditions that change with time. The walnut-fruit forests of South Kyrgyzstan are unique, characterised by high biodiversity and a multiplicity of usable products; and they have been utilised for a long time. Centralised and formal management of the forests started with the Russian occupation and was strengthened under Soviet rule, when the region became a part of the USSR. During this era, a state forest administration that was structured from Moscow all the way down to the local level drew up detailed plans and developed procedures for utilising the different forest products. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the socio-political and economic frame conditions have changed significantly, which has brought not only the sweeping changes in the managing institutions, but also the access rights and interests in the forest resources. At present, the region is suffering from a high unemployment rate, which has resulted in the forests＇ gaining considerable importance in the livelihood strategies of the local population. Political and economic liberalization, increased communication and transregional exchange relations have opened the door for international companies and agents interested in the valuable forest products. Today, walnut wood and burls, walnuts, wild apples and mushrooms are all exported to various countries in the world. Scientists and members of various international organisations stress the ecological value of the forests and are trying to establish nature conservation areas. Nevertheless, it is to fear that a multiplicity of interrelated factors - the present transformation and globalization processes, the appearance of new actors, the local population＇s insecure economic situation and the erosion of managing institutions - are all leading to an intensified and unregulated exploitation of the forests, resulting in their degradation.     

等温微量热法在土壤微生物研究方面的进展

土壤微生物是陆地生态系统中分解者亚系统的主要组成部分, 参与了包括有机质降解、营养转化、 植物生长的促进或抑制以及各种土壤物理过程在内的一系列反应活动. 土壤微生物则是土壤质量重要的生物指标, 可以用来监控土壤质量的变化. 等温微量热法是一种简便、快速地测量微生物活性的方法, 在土壤微生物代谢热效应的研究领域中广泛应用. 就等温微量热法在土壤微生物活性中的研究进展进行综述: 等温微量热法的简介, 微量热方法与传统方法的比较, 等温微量热法在各种外界环境和土壤条件影响下的土壤微生物活性研究中的应用, 并对等温微量热法在土壤微生物和其它方面的研究进行了展望.     

青岛奥运水域主要污染物环境容量的预测

通过对青岛奥运水域现场调查和资料分析,确定了奥运水域污染物的主要来源和主要污染物,然后在潮流模拟的基础上,利用物质输运方程数值模拟了2000~2003年污染物浓度的空间分布,其结果与现状调查基本吻合。最后再利用该输运方程,预测了奥运帆船水域的化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH4 -N)、总磷(TP)的环境容量(中潮时分别为:69.948 t/d,7.46 t/d,0.5455 t/d),为奥运水域的目标管理提供科学依据。     

舟山枸杞水域的污损生物生态

本文系１９８８年９月～１９８９年９月在舟山枸杞乌里西岙水域进行挂板试验的结果。共获污损生物１３５种，其中，近岸的油库码头获７７种，远岸的养殖筏获１１０种。动物以亚热带高盐性种类为主，三角藤壶Ｂａｌａｎｕｓｔｒｉｇｕｎｕｓ、小海葵Ａｃｔｉｎｉａ、柯氏分胞孔苔虫Ｃｅｌｌｅｐｏｒｉｎａｃｏｓｔａｚｉｉ、西方三胞苔虫Ｔｒｉｃｅｌａｒｉａｏｃｃｉｄｅｎｔａｌｉｓ、艾氏美熄Ｃｌｔｉａｅｄｗａｒｄｓｉ、广口小桧叶螅Ｓｅｒｔｕｌａｒｅｌｌａｍｉｕｒｒｅｎｓｉｓ等占优势，藻类常见的有长石莼Ｕｌｖａｌｉｎｚａ、肠浒苔Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｍｏｒｐｈｙｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌｉｓ和日本多管藻Ｐｏｌｙｓｉｐｈｏｎｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ。枸杞污损生物的附着期主要在夏季，附着量也以夏季最大。不同地点附着量的差异极大。夏季由于近岸三角藤壶大量附着，故生物量明显大子远岸，其他季节均是远岸大于近岸。夏季近岸三角藤壶的覆盖面积达１００％，生物量达１８１１９ｇ／ｍ２，占污损生物总生物量的９８％。故夏季是污损生物防除的主要季节，三角藤壶是防除的主要对象。与１９７５～１９７６年嵊山污损生物进行比较，发现两地污损生物的种类组成和群落结构极为相似，说明１０多年以来嵊山     

浙江省海岛沿岸水域微生物生态分布

文章报道了浙江海岛沿岸水域中异养细菌、氨化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量分布及异养细菌的种群组成。结果表明：本调查海区异养细菌的数量较多，其数量分布范围在２．０４×１０４～８．３６×１０６个／ｄｍ３之间；氨化细菌数量分布范围在３．０×１０３～１．１×１０６个／ｄｍ３之间；反硝化细菌的数量分布范围在３．０×１０２～１．１－１０６个／ｄｍ３之间。细菌的数量与环境中营养盐的浓度之间存在密切关系。在不同的海区异养细菌的种群组成存在一定的差异，在浙北海区，革兰氏阴性菌所占比例为４１．６％，在浙中海区为４６．９％，在浙南海区为６４．９％。     

秦山核电站邻近水域环境化学要素特征

本文根据1989年4、7、10月和1990年1月(春、夏、秋、冬)秦山核电站邻近水域零点生态调查和水质监测结果的资料整理而成。经研究证明,该海域是河-海混合水域,盐度从小于3至12之间变化,受杭州湾的涌潮、风浪的影响,水体混合比较强烈,悬浮颗粒物质的含量比长江口高。由于该测区所处的海岸、海底地形,生态系统、径流输入以及水体交换状况不同,故其海洋学特征也不相同。     

凡纳滨对虾生物学及养殖生态学研究进展

凡纳滨对虾原产于太平洋沿岸水域秘鲁北部至墨西哥桑诺拉一带。1988年由张伟权教授引进我国。本文对国内外凡纳滨对虾生物学及养殖生态学的研究进行了总结，提出了凡纳滨对虾养殖生态学今后研究的方向。