华南一次非中气旋海面龙卷的大气条件和雷达特征分析

利用S波段双偏振雷达、风廓线雷达、L波段探空雷达、区域自动站等观测资料和ERA5再分析资料, 对2019年5月26日发生在华南地区一次季风暴雨中海上龙卷过程的大气条件和雷达特征进行了详细分析。(1)低层辐合、高层辐散、中层短波槽东移的环流特征为龙卷的对流风暴提供了有利的大尺度动力抬升条件, 与大多数陆龙卷的形成机制相似。(2)该龙卷形成的环境条件也与一般非中气旋陆龙卷近似, 具有中等大小的对流有效位能, 对流抑制能量接近0, 为该对流风暴发生发展提供了热力条件, 具有发生龙卷的潜势; 强0~1 km低层风垂直切变和0~6 km深层风垂直切变为该对流风暴发展提供了动力条件, 其中低层风垂直切变远高于过去对陆龙卷低层风垂直切变统计的下限。(3)雷达发现: 龙卷出现前后, TVS(Tornadic Vortex Signature)雷达产品多次定位提醒, 但中气旋产品并未有提醒, 有一定示警作用; 径向速度产品揭示了龙卷正负速度对的发展变化; 龙卷低层旋转速度大值区多位于带状回波前沿, 对应的差分反射率Z_DR减小, 相关系数CC较低, 有利于确定龙卷的持续时间和影响范围。      

Putting a spin on palaeotsunami deposits

Palaeotsunami research is a relatively young discipline and while considerable progress has been made in identifying the evidence of past events there are still difficulties on occasion in differentiating between palaeotsunami and palaeostorm deposits. This has tended to focus debate on the similarities and differences between deposits laid down by the two differing processes at the expense of alternative hypotheses. Although coastal research in New Zealand a decade ago drew attention to high elevation coarse sediment deposits laid down by waterspouts, it was largely ignored by the research community. Re‐analysis of a possible palaeotsunami deposit on a nearshore island in New Zealand, however, highlights the likelihood that this deposit, and perhaps many similar coastal ones, may have been laid down by waterspouts. In essence, the palaeotsunami–palaeostorm debate can no longer ignore waterspouts as an alternative hypothesis, but only time will tell how significant a contribution waterspouts have made to catastrophic coastal sedimentation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于雷达观测的2021年6月珠江口一次水龙卷过程分析

利用常规地面和探空资料、珠海S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达和珠海横琴X波段相控阵雷达资料对2021年6月1日发生在珠江口的水龙卷过程进行分析。研究表明:此次水龙卷过程发生在高层强辐散、中层短波槽影响、低层西南风的背景场下;极低的抬升凝结高度、较大的0~1 km风矢量差、超过超级单体发生阈值的风暴相对螺旋度,为龙卷的发生提供了较好的动力条件。两部雷达均观测到超级单体结构特征,最强反射率因子超过65 dBZ。X波段相控阵雷达资料能够清晰展现水龙卷超级单体风暴精细化演变特征,0.9 °仰角首先出现风切变,随后风切变出现高度逐渐增高,并加强为中气旋,切变最高高度达到17.1 °仰角,随后高度逐渐降低,龙卷减弱。三维反射率因子图清楚地反映了龙卷母体风暴穹窿结构形成过程,以及强反射率因子区向上延伸,变细加强,龙卷触及水面后变粗的过程。S波段雷达探测到在龙卷发生前,出现Z_DR低值眼区和ρ_HV弧,这对于预报员提前预警以及识别龙卷具有一定帮助。      

11月初北黄海一次海龙卷风暴的中尺度特征分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料及反演风场和常规观测资料,对2014年11月2日发生在北黄海（山东半岛北部海上）一次罕见海龙卷风暴的中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明：冷空气、暖湿海面热力边界、山东半岛北部近海岸西北风与偏西风的辐合线是海龙卷风暴发生的天气背景。海龙卷风暴发生时雷达回波PPI最大分贝反射率因子为60 dBZ,高度为2.0 km,最高风暴顶为4.5 km,最大垂直累积液态水含量VIL为21 kg·m-2。利用雷达反演风场进行中尺度特征分析,结果表明：在海龙卷风暴发生发展过程中,低层风辐合对应4.0 km高度上是风辐散,海上有较强的偏南暖湿气流输送到雷暴区。中尺度动力特征：最大正涡度和散度辐合在1.0 km以下,低层正涡度和散度辐合、高层散度辐散是雷暴发生初期动力特征;低层没有正涡度和散度辐合、高层为正涡度和散度辐合是雷暴开始发展的动力特征;低层和高层为大的正涡度和散度辐合是雷暴成熟阶段的动力特征。高空冷空气叠加上低空强的偏南气流,造成局地涡度加大和低层辐合加强,使低层暖湿气流倾斜上升。海龙卷与辐合区的冷空气和暖湿气流有关。     

Rapid-Scan and Polarimetric Phased-Array Radar Observations of a Tornado in the Pearl River Estuary

The strong destructive winds during tornadoes can greatly threaten human life and destroy property. The increasing availability of visual and remote observations, especially by Doppler weather radars, is of great value in understanding tornado formation and issuing warnings to the public. In this study, we present the first documented tornado over water detected by a state-of-the-art dual-polarization phased-array radar (dual-PAR) in China. In contrast to new-generation weather radars, the dual-PAR shows great advantages in tornado detection for its high spatial resolution, reliable polarimetric variables, and rapid-scan strategy. The polarimetric signature of copolar cross-correlation coefficient with anomalously low magnitude appears to be effective for verifying a tornado and thus is helpful for issuing tornado warnings. The Guangdong Meteorological Service has been developing an experimental X-band dual-PAR network in the Pearl River Delta with the goal of deploying at least 40 advanced dual-PARs and other dual-polarization weather radars before 2035. This network is the first quasi-operational X-band dual-PAR network with unprecedented high coverage in the globe. With such high-performance close-range PARs, efficient operational nowcasting and warning services for small-scale, rapidly evolving, and damaging weather (e.g., tornadoes, localized heavy rainfall, microbursts, and hail) can be expected.