Parallelization of the flow-path network model using a particle-set strategy

High-performance simulation of flow dynamics remains a major challenge in the use of physical-based, fully distributed hydrologic models. Parallel computing has been widely used to overcome efficiency limitation by partitioning a basin into sub-basins and executing calculations among multiple processors. However, existing partition-based parallelization strategies are still hampered by the dependency between inter-connected sub-basins. This study proposed a particle-set strategy to parallelize the flow-path network (FPN) model for achieving higher performance in the simulation of flow dynamics. The FPN model replaced the hydrological calculations on sub-basins with the movements of water packages along the upstream and downstream flow paths. Unlike previous partition-based task decomposition approaches, the proposed particle-set strategy decomposes the computational workload by randomly allocating runoff particles to concurrent computing processors. Simulation experiments of the flow routing process were undertaken to validate the developed particle-set FPN model. The outcomes of hourly outlet discharges were compared with field gauged records, and up to 128 computing processors were tested to explore its speedup capability in parallel computing. The experimental results showed that the proposed framework can achieve similar prediction accuracy and parallel efficiency to that of the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)-based Real-Time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS).     

The role of heterogeneous strain in the development and preservation of a polymetamorphic record in high-P granulites, western Canadian Shield

Mafic rocks in the Chipman domain of the Athabasca granulite terrane, western Canadian Shield, provide the first well‐documented record of two distinct high‐P granulite facies events in the same domain in this region. Textural relations and the results of petrological modelling (NCFMASHT system) of mafic granulites are interpreted in terms of a three‐stage tectonometamorphic history. Stage 1 involved development of the assemblage Grt + Cpx + Qtz ± Pl (M₁) from a primary Opx‐bearing igneous precursor at conditions of 1.3 GPa, 850–900 °C. Field and microstructural observations suggest that M₁ developed synchronously with an early S₁ gneissic fabric. Stage 2 is characterized by heterogeneous deformation (D₂) and synkinematic partial retrogression of the peak assemblage to an amphibole‐bearing assemblage (M₂). Stage 3 involved a third phase of deformation and a return to granulite facies conditions marked by the prograde breakdown of amphibole (Amph₂) to produce matrix garnet (Grt_3a) and the coronitic assemblage Cpx_3b + Opx_3b + Ilm_3b + Pl_3b (M_3b) at 1.0 GPa, 800–900 °C. M₁ and M_3b are correlated with 2.55 and 1.9 Ga metamorphic generations of zircon, respectively, which were dated in a separate study. Heterogeneous strain played a crucial role in both the development and preservation of these rare examples of multiple granulite facies events within single samples. Without this fortuitous set of circumstances, the apparent reaction history could have incorrectly led to an interpretation involving a single‐cycle high‐grade event. The detailed P–T–t–D history constructed for these rocks provides the best evidence to date that much of the east Lake Athabasca region experienced long‐term lower crustal residence from 2.55 to 1.9 Ga, and thus the region represents a rare window into the reactivation and ultimate stabilization processes of cratonic lithosphere.     

Efficient GOCE satellite gravity field recovery based on least-squares using QR decomposition

We develop and apply an efficient strategy for Earth gravity field recovery from satellite gravity gradiometry data. Our approach is based upon the Paige-Saunders iterative least-squares method using QR decomposition (LSQR). We modify the original algorithm for space-geodetic applications: firstly, we investigate how convergence can be accelerated by means of both subspace and block-diagonal preconditioning. The efficiency of the latter dominates if the design matrix exhibits block-dominant structure. Secondly, we address Tikhonov-Phillips regularization in general. Thirdly, we demonstrate an effective implementation of the algorithm in a high-performance computing environment. In this context, an important issue is to avoid the twofold computation of the design matrix in each iteration. The computational platform is a 64-processor shared-memory supercomputer. The runtime results prove the successful parallelization of the LSQR solver. The numerical examples are chosen in view of the forthcoming satellite mission GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer). The closed-loop scenario covers 1 month of simulated data with 5 s sampling. We focus exclusively on the analysis of radial components of satellite accelerations and gravity gradients. Our extensions to the basic algorithm enable the method to be competitive with well-established inversion strategies in satellite geodesy, such as conjugate gradient methods or the brute-force approach. In its current development stage, the LSQR method appears ready to deal with real-data applications.     

渤南洼陷沙四上段非均质性储层“二步建模”方法及应用

渤南洼陷沙四上段油气储层非均质性明显,砂层薄且与泥质间层分布,储层分布规律和空间叠置关系复杂。储层主要受深水盐湖、扇三角洲、滑塌浊积扇、近岸浊积扇、远岸浊积扇五类沉积相控制。利用先进的GridStrat建模软件,采用特殊的"二步建模"处理方法,根据不同沉积相的储层参数分布规律,进行井间插值或随机模拟,建立了沉积相、岩性、孔隙度、渗透率和产能系数模型。沉积相模型显示出扇三角洲及浊积扇是砂体分布的主体,且分布范围广;岩性模型显示出不同岩类的分布受沉积相带、构造位置及不同物源控制。孔、渗模型显示沉积相带和岩性是决定储层孔隙度与渗透率发育程度的主控因素。孔隙度决定了储油气空间的数量,渗透率决定了储层产能系数的大小。产能系数模型显示出产能潜力区为浊积扇和扇三角洲的叠合分布区。研究结论对油田开发部署起到积极指导作用。     

一种求气井二项式方程系数的新方法

针对开发早期气田缺乏产能试井资料的实际情况，由于无法用传统的压力降法计算产能方程，故而基于最优化算法，提出了一种利用稳定生产数据和井控储量求取气井产能方程系数的新方法。在只知道稳定生产数据情况下便可进行计算分析。该方法在气田进行了实际应用，并和实际资料以及传统试凑法计算的结果进行了比较，表明方法的计算结果较为可靠。     

地下非均匀非饱和带中地下洞室的渗流问题数值模拟--介质参数的灵敏度分析

影响任何一个地下废物处置场所长期行为的一个重要因素是进入地下废物贮置洞室内的渗流量的大小，预测地下洞室中的渗流量是困难的，特别是当地下废物贮置洞室位于非均质非饱和带中，三维数值模型用于研究地下非均质中非饱和流动及流入地下洞室中的渗流量，讨论了非均质模型与均质模型的比较以及数值剖分尺度对计算结果的影响，进入洞室中的渗漏率随着引入系统中入渗量的增加而增大，选用4个参数来衡量渗流场的非均质程度：(1)介质的平均渗透率K0；(2)Van Genuchten参数α；(3)渗透率空间分布相关尺度；(4)渗透率空间分布变化的标准差σ，根据一个随机实现的渗透率分布，通过改变平均渗透率来研究其对流入洞室中渗透量的影响，对一个固定的入渗率而言，流入洞室中的渗漏率将随着Van Genuchten参数α的减小而减小，模拟结果表明流入洞室的渗漏率与介质的平均渗透率相关，即随平均渗透率的增大，流入洞室的渗漏率亦增大，流入洞室的渗漏率还高度依赖于非均质渗透率场的空间分布相关长度与标准差，一个大的相关长度或高的标准差均能导致流入洞室的渗漏率增大。     

生态地理建模中的多尺度问题

本文在分析生态地理建模内涵的基础上,讨论了生态地理建模中的尺度转换问题、跨尺度相互作用问题、空间尺度与时间尺度的关联问题和多尺度数据处理问题.由于生态地理问题的非线性、生态环境的异质性和随机事件,简单的线性尺度转换方法远不能满足生态地理建模的要求.为了从根本上解决生态地理建模中的时空尺度问题,除需要运用微分几何学和等级理论等经典方法外,还需要引入格点生成法和网格计算等现代理论和技术手段.     

Generalized Coarse Graining Procedures for Flow in Porous Media

This paper focuses on heterogeneous soil conductivities and on the impact their resolution has on a solution of the piezometric head equation: owing to spatial variations of the conductivity, the flow properties at larger scales differ from those found for experiments performed at smaller scales. The method of coarse graining is proposed in order to upscale the piezometric head equation on arbitrary intermediate scales. At intermediate scales large scale fluctuations of the conductivities are resolved, whereas small scale fluctuations are smoothed by a partialy spatial filtering procedure. The filtering procedure is performed in Fourier space with the aid of a low-frequency cut-off function. We derive the partially upscaled head equations. In these equations, the impact of the small scale variability is modeled by scale dependent effective conductivities which are determined by additional differential equations. Explicit results for the scale dependent conductivity values are presented in lowest order perturbation theory. The perturbation theory contributions are summed up with using a renormalisation group analysis yielding explicit results for the effective conductivity in isotropic media. Therefore, the results are also valid for highly heterogeneous media. The results are compared with numerical simulations performed by Dykaar and Kitanidis (1992). The method of coarse graining combined by a renormalisation group analysis offers a tool to derive exact and explicit expressions for resolution dependent conductivity values. It is, e.g., relevant for the interpretation of measurement data on different scales and for reduction of grid-block resolution in numerical modeling. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.