A New Typhoon Bogus Data Assimilation and its Sampling Method: A Case Study

In this study,the authors introduce a new bogus data assimilation method based on the dimension-reduced projection 4-DVar,which can resolve the cost function directly in low-dimensional space.The authors also try a new method to improve the quality of samples,which are the base of dimension-reduced space projection bogus data assimilation (DRP-BDA).By running a number of numerical weather models with different model parameterization combinations on the typhoon Sinlaku,the authors obtained two groups of samples with different spreads and similarities.After DRP-BDA,the results show that,compared with the control runs,the simulated typhoon center pressure can be deepened by more than 20 hPa to 30 hPa and that the intensity can last as long as 60 hours.The mean track error is improved after DRP-BDA,and the structure of the typhoon is also improved.The wind near the typhoon center is enhanced dramatically,while the warm core is moderate.     

非对称台风风场的动力初始化应用研究

在对比NCAR-AFWA三维Bogus(虚拟)风场及风压场方案的基础上,虚拟台风模型中的水平风场采用考虑台风移速、移向、摩擦等客观因素的非对称方案,垂直风场采用考虑高空反气旋环流的风廓线方案,然后利用Nudging动力初始化技术形成新的模式初始场.最后对"云娜"台风进行数值模拟,结果表明:通过合理引入客观因子及观测事实对台风Bogus模型进行构建,并利用同化方法使各个物理量相互协调,可以使初始场与实况更加接近,从而在一定程度上提高台风路径及强度的预报水平,并对降水分布的预报效果也有所改善.     

四维变分同化方法在台风初始化及其数值模拟中的应用--对9608号(Herb)台风的研究结果

The MM5 and its four dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system are used in this paper. Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, the authors generate an optimal initial condition for a typhoon by using the bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. BDA is able to recover many of the structural features of typhoons including a warm-core vertex, the correct center position, and the strong circulation.As a result of BDA using a bogus surface low, dramatic improvement is achieved in the 72 h prediction of typhoon Herb. Through several cases, the initialization by BDA effectively generates the harmonious inner structure of the typhoon, but which is lacking in the original analysis field. Therefore the intensity forecast is improved greatly. Some improvements are made in the track forecast, but more work still needs to be done.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE ABNORMAL TRACK OF TYPHOON MAGGIE

Typhoon Maggie (1999) interacted with another tropical depression system and moved along a west-southwest track that is somewhat abnormal during its pre-landing stage. Two numerical experiments are carried out in this paper to study the effect of the interaction on the track of typhoon Maggie using the mesoscale numerical weather prediction model system with a tropical cyclone bogusing scheme developed by Center for Coastal and Atmospheric Research, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Results show that the cyclone system interacting with Maggie is the main factor for the abnormal track of Maggie.     

The Effects of Assimilating Satellite Brightness Temperature and Bogus Data on the Simulation of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2008)

Observational and bogus satellite data are directly assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in simulations of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2008). The data assimilation is performed using the Radiative Transfer for TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV) model and the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) technique, with satellite observations taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-16 (NOAA-16) Advanced TIROS Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) system composed of the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A), and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B). Data assimilation experiments are initialized at three different times. Improvements in the numerical simulation of the typhoon are discussed in the context of wind, temperature, pressure, and geopotential fields. The results indicate that assimilation of satellite data can improve both the representation of the initial conditions and the subsequent simulation of the typhoon. Different satellite data have different impacts on the typhoon track. In these simulations, data from AMSU-A play a greater role in improving the simulation of the typhoon than data from AMSU-B or HIRS. Assimilation of satellite data significantly affects the simulation of the subtropical high and the steering of the typhoon by the environmental flow. The subtropical high is enhanced and extends westward in the data assimilation experiments. The background flow therefore steers the typhoon more westward, improving the simulated typhoon track. Although direct assimilation of satellite brightness temperature improves the simulated environmental conditions, it does not significantly improve the simulated intensity of the typhoon. By contrast, initializing the typhoon simulation using bogus data in tandem with satellite data improves not only the environmental conditions but also the simulated inner-core structure of the typhoon. Assimilation of both types of data therefore improves the simulation of both the typhoon track and the typhoon intensity. The results of these experiments offer new insight into improving numerical simulations of typhoons.     

台风Maggie路径异常的数值研究

台风Maggie（1999年）是近年来比较特殊的一个台风，所有台风预报中心均未能准确预报其登陆前的异常路径。通过两个数值试验揭示了台风Maggie路径异常的原因。即Maggie路径异常的主要原因是它与邻近的一个热带气旋相互作用的结果。     

适应性非对称人造台风方案对热带气旋路径的模拟预报

设计了一种新的适应性非对称人造台风方案。该方案中，初始场中植入的非对称人造台风不但与初始场之间更为协调，而且还包括较多的非对称信息。应用此方案对两个台风个例的路径进行了数值模拟试验，模拟结果与实况较为接近。     

利用多分辨率小波网络方法进行伪井反演

利用小波网络,对地震资料和小波多尺度分解属性资料,进行了虚井声波时差反演.讨论了利用地震信号的小波分解和网络学习、训练的理论方法.为了提高反演分辨率和精度，研究了信号分段相似小波时—频分析技术方法.在对对这些技术方法综合研究和算法的实现设计以后，对实际资料进行了反演计算，并对反演结果进行验证.取得了很好的效果.     

人造台风模型中三维风场的改进及敏感性模拟研究

对MM5的人造台风风场方案进行了分析,并引入台风移速、移向、摩擦等客观因素构造非对称切向风场,尝试选择合理的径向风方案,并考虑风场垂直结构,改进出三维非对称台风风场模型.通过对"云娜"台风模式初始场的对比发现,径向风及高空反气旋环流的引入突出了台风的基本特征,与观测事实相接近.最后进行敏感性数值模拟,通过比较台风路径及移速、海平面气压、最大风速等模拟要素,结果表明:改进后的台风模型通过订正初始场,对台风路径及强度预报效果的提高也有正效应.     

Impact of bogus vortex for track and intensity prediction of tropical cyclone

The initialization scheme designed to improve the representation of a tropical cyclone in the initial condition is tested during Orissa super cyclone (1999) over Bay of Bengal using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University — National Center for Atmospheric Research (Penn State — NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). A series of numerical experiments are conducted to generate initial vortices by assimilating the bogus wind information into MM5. Wind speed and location of the tropical cyclone obtained from best track data are used to define maximum wind speed, and centre of the storm respectively, in the initial vortex. The initialization scheme produced an initial vortex that was well adapted to the forecast model and was much more realistic in size and intensity than the storm structure obtained from the NCEP analysis. Using this scheme, the 24-h, 48-h, and 72-h forecast errors for this case was 63, 58, and 46 km, respectively, compared with 120, 335, and 550 km for the non-vortex initialized case starting from the NCEP global analysis. When bogus vortices are introduced into initial conditions, the significant improvements in the storm intensity predictions are also seen. The impact of the vortex size on the structure of the initial vortex is also evaluated. We found that when the radius of maximum wind (RMW) of the specified vortex is smaller than that of which can be resolved by the model, the specified vortex is not well adapted by the model. In contrast, when the vortex is sufficiently large for it to be resolved on horizontal grid, but not so large to be unrealistic, more accurate storm structure is obtained.