华南暖区暴雨研究进展

华南前汛期暴雨预报一直是我国大气科学界的一个研究热点,特别是发生在锋前的暖区暴雨,由于其天气尺度斜压性强迫不明显,环境大气水汽含量丰富,热动力不稳定性强,边界层触发机制复杂,以及特殊的地形和海陆热力差异的外强迫作用,导致暴雨突发性强,地域性特征显著,也是困扰预报业务人员的难点问题。目前我国预报业务中使用的全球数值预报模式对暖区暴雨的预报能力十分有限,高分辨率中尺度数值模式的预报效果也不尽人意。该文回顾了近40年华南前汛期暴雨大部分研究成果,针对华南暖区暴雨的提出及典型背景场、暖区暴雨与低空急流的关系、暖区中尺度对流系统的形成及传播、暖区暴雨触发机制等独特的天气动力学特征进行了系统梳理与分析,并依据前人研究成果及中央气象台预报实践经验,总结提炼了3类华南暖区暴雨类型——边界层辐合线型、偏南风风速辐合型,以及强西南急流型的天气系统配置及触发因子。最后提出针对华南暖区暴雨需要进一步研究的科学问题。     

全球月平均高度距平场正斜压性的分析(Ⅱ)——与遥相关型的联系

利用欧洲中心全球客观分析的7层月平均位势高度距平资料,计算了几种大气环流遥相关型指数与各层位势高度距平的相关系数分布。发现:大气环流异常的正压、斜压性的地理差异与遥相关型的垂直结构关系密切。综合经验正交函数分析,结果亦然。     

冬季青藏高原对东移大槽动力影响的研究：Ⅲ.模拟试验结果的分析

具体分析了本文Ⅱ的模拟试验结果。结果表明，该试验较清楚地再现了青藏高原地形对西风气流的影响，也显示了不同地形、急流的有无、强度和位置以及初始槽强度和基本气流斜压性的强度对东移槽的影响。这些结果有的清楚地再现了过去熟知的或还不很清楚的地形影响事实，有的可为东移槽的预报提供着眼点。     

热带和热带外海表温度异常与低空环流特征比较

利用旋转主分量方法（ＲＰＣ），在对西太平洋和印度洋１９８０年１月至１９８８年９月共１０５个月的月平均海表温度（ＳＳＴ）进行分析的基础上，提取热带模及高纬模两种ＳＳＴ异常（ＳＳＴＡ）分布。再通过分析同期８５０ｈＰａ，各气象要素在该两模上的投影，比较低层大气与不同纬度上ＳＳＴＡ相联系的异常特征。结果表明，无论是热带还是热带外地区，暖性ＳＳＴＡ上空均有正的水汽异常及平均流场对月平均水汽输送的异常辐合。两地区ＳＳＴＡ上空８５０ｈＰａ月平均异常的最重要差异表现在流场、高度场及温度场上。热带正ＳＳＴＡ上方８５０ｈＰａ位势高度及温度均为负距平，流场呈Ｇｉｌｌ型的气旋式异常环流。热带外正ＳＳＴＡ上方８５０ｈＰａ高度及温度均为正距平，流场则呈反气旋式异常环流。分析表明，高纬度的这种异常特征主要是由于中高纬度大气的地转性和斜压性较强所致。     

A study of formation and development of one kind of cyclone on the mei-yu (Baiu) front

The paper presents one diagnosis of baroclinity and the coupling of jets during the developing process of a cyclone that occurred on the mei-yu (Baiu) front around the end of the second stage of the mei-yu (Baiu)in 1998. Results have shown that: (1) The advantageous changes of upper-level large-scale circulation caused the appearance and maintenance of the coupling between the upper-level jet (ULJ) and lower-level jet (LLJ) over the cyclone‘s area. The coupling of jets in this case possesses some different characteristics from previous cases. Moreover, the coupling between the ULJ and LLJ caused the intensification of both lower-level convergence and upper-level divergence, which was favorable for the development of this cyclone. (2) From the analysis of the voricity budget, the role of lower-level convergence in the development of the cyclone was emphasized. Divergent wind in the lower troposphere was a direct contributor to the development of the cyclone. (3) During the development of the cyclone, cold air and warm air were_active over the cyclone‘s domain. Although this cyclone occurred at the mei-yu (Baiu) front, its development assumed baroclinity to a certain extent, which was just the main difference between this kind of cyclone and the first kind of low which is usually barotropic (or quasi-barotropic). (4) In recent years, studies on mei-yu front lows have paid more attention to the lower troposphere. In this paper, the analysis of the energy budget further supports this point: the certain effect of baroclinity forcing in the upper troposphere on mei-yu front lows cannot be ignored.     

全球月平均高度距平场正斜压性的分析（Ⅱ）—与遥相关型的联系

利用欧洲中心全球客观分析的７层月平均位势高度距平资料，计算了几种大气环流遥相关型指数与各层位势高度距平的相关系数分布。发现：大气环流异常的正压，斜压性的地理差异与遥相关型的垂直结构关系密切。综合经验正交函数分析，结果亦然。     

边界层特征参数对旋转减弱的影响

根据作者提出的含边界层层结特征参数如层结稳定度、粗糙度等的Ekman抽吸速度公式,研究了稳定度、粗糙度、斜压性等参数对旋转减弱的影响。计算实例表明,稳定度影响旋转减弱最强,典型的不稳定情况旋转减弱进行的速度比稳定时大一个量级;粗糙度的影响主要表现于层结不稳定时,陆上要比海上快2倍以上。斜压性在不稳定时也有影响,此外风速也是影响旋转减弱的主要因子。本文结论有助于边界层与自由大气间相互作用的认识,并能给出某些气压系统维持与衰减的可能解释。     

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF A RAINSTORM IN SHANDONG PENINSULA INFLUENCED BY A DISTANT TROPICAL DEPRESSION

Based on the observational data as well as data of satellite, NCEP reanalysis and moist potential vortex, the heavy rainfall event that occurred away from the outer cycle of tropical depression Kaemi (No.0605) on July 27, 2006 in Shandong Peninsula has been analyzed. The results show that there are three severe convective cloud clusters during the heavy rainfall. The uprightness of coupling pattern between upper-layer jet and low jet and a divergence area, which appeared in the right of upper-layer jet, provided favorable environmental conditions for convective cloud clusters. The strong convective weather happens over the prefrontal warm sector and the storm rainfall mainly distributes in the front of a high-energy area.Positive vorticity distribution and transportation of warm advection in low levels provide dynamic and thermal conditions for the rainstorm. The spatial-temporal evolvements of physical variable fields and MPV2 as the horizontal component of moist potential vorticity show that the rain intensity change is determined by upper and low level jets and the area of MPV2>0 occurs at the front of the low jet cores.     

远距离热带低压影响下山东半岛特大暴雨成因分析

用1948～2000年共53年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了南北半球大气质量交换的周期变化特征和两半球大气质量交换通道的空间分布.结果表明:两半球的大气质量交换从长时间来看基本上是平衡的.两半球质量交换的季节变化表现为明显的半年周期,冬季和夏季的交换比较显著,且以夏季为主;具有显著的十年际变化;年际变化特征总体来看不显著,只在1980年代～1990年代存在较为显著的2～5年的年际振荡.NCEP资料存在较大变更的三个时段(以1968、1979年为分界)的周期变化特征确实存在一定的差异.全球平均异常向南的越赤道质量输送不存在很强的季节依赖性,主要由低空北半球太平洋-大西洋副热带高压南侧东北信风和亚洲季风区对流层高层副热带高压南侧的越赤道东北气流决定,亚洲季风区冬季南下的冷空气也起到很大的作用;而异常向北的越赤道质量净输送则主要发生在夏季,主要由亚洲季风区越赤道西南季风决定,特别是索马里越赤道急流从对流层低层到高层整层的向北输送,同时对流层低层赤道中东太平洋-大西洋信风区的东南信风也有较大的贡献.