Hydrochemical characteristics and salinity of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, Northwestern China

A hydrochemical investigation was conducted in the Ejina Basin to identify the hydrochemical characteristics and the salinity of groundwater. The results indicate that groundwater in the area is brackish and are significantly zonation in salinity and water types from the recharge area to the discharge area. The ionic ration plot and saturation index (SI) calculation suggest that the silicate rock weathering and evaporation deposition are the dominant processes that determine the major ionic composition in the study area. Most of the stable isotope δ¹⁸O and δD compositions in the groundwater is a meteoric water feature, indicating that the groundwater mainly sources from meteoric water and most groundwater undergoes a long history of evaporation. Based on radioactive isotope tritium (³H) analysis, the groundwater ages were approximately estimated in different aquifers. The groundwater age ranges from less than 5 years, between 5 years and 50 years, and more than 50 years. Within 1 km of the river water influence zone, the groundwater recharges from recent Heihe river water and the groundwater age is about less than 5 years in shallow aquifer. From 1 km to 10 km of the river water influence zone, the groundwater sources from the mixture waters and the groundwater age is between 5 years and 50 years in shallow aquifer. The groundwater age is more than 50 years in deep confined aquifer.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗地区X井油气显示特征与油气源探讨

根据内蒙古额济纳旗地区X井白垩系额济纳旗组、侏罗系麻木乌苏组、古生界顶面风化壳等不同层段的油气显示特征和钻井泥浆烃类气体组分、甲烷C同位素的分析结果,认为侏罗系和白垩系油气显示特征相同,为油与气显示,气体样品的干燥系数(C1/C总)为0.80~0.87,甲烷C同位素δ13C1为-48.19‰~-50.87‰,表现了低成熟热解气的特征;古生界风化壳为气显示,天然气干燥系数(C1/C总)为0.91~0.92,甲烷C同位素δ13C1为-21.56‰~-30.91‰,表现了高成熟热解气的特征。该井及邻区的中生界、古生界烃源岩干酪根类型及其演化程度具有显著的差别,中生界烃源岩以低成熟混合型干酪根为主,古生界烃源岩为成熟—高成熟(或过成熟)的混合型-腐泥型干酪根。表明该区存在以中生界侏罗系—白垩系低成熟烃源岩为油气源的油气系统和古生界高成熟(或过成熟)烃源岩为气源的油气系统,指示了古生界油气资源前景。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩的特征

在对额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系-二叠系的分布特征、岩性特征和沉积环境进行初步研究的基础上,通过对烃源岩展布、有机质丰度和热演化史的研究,结合储、盖务件与保存条件评价,总结了区内石炭系-二叠系油气地质条件.区内残留了厚数千米的上石炭统-上二叠统,岩性组合为碎屑岩+碳酸盐岩+火山岩,反映了裂谷型盆地的沉积特征.广泛发育的浅海陆棚相泥页岩具有较好的生烃条件,以Ⅱ-Ⅲ类干酪根为主,TOC含量中等,R_0一般为0.79%～1.08%,烃源岩演化以成熟为主,部分剖面受构造动力作用的影响达到过成熟.受盆地沉积与演化的控制,区内发育滨岸相砂砾岩、台地斜坡相生物碎屑灰岩、火山碎屑岩(或火山角砾岩)、火山熔岩、风化壳等多种类型的储集层.广泛分布的白垩系为良好的区域盖层,主要成烃期之后的构造作用以坳陷沉降或挤压抬升为主,有利于油气系统的保存.获得了一些与石炭系-二叠系烃源岩有关的油气赋存的信息,显示区内石炭系-二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩的发育特征和生烃潜力评价

定量评价盆地的烃源岩生烃潜力是油气勘探首先要解决的问题之一.采用多项有机质丰度、类型和成熟度指标定量或定性地分析了额济纳旗及邻区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩的生烃潜力,证实额济纳旗及邻区的石发系-二叠系发育了浅海陆棚相以泥页岩为主的烃源岩.研究表明,该区石炭系-二叠系的阿木山组、埋汗哈达组和哈尔苏海组3套烃源岩,厚度大,有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,热演化程度与构造活动、埋藏深度有关,多数有机质演化程度处于成熟阶段,显示区内石炭系-二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗地区X井油气显示特征与油气源探讨

根据内蒙古额济纳旗地区X井白垩系额济纳旗组、侏罗系麻木鸟苏组、古生界顶面风化壳等不同层段的油气显示特征和钻井泥浆烃类气体组分、甲烷C同位素的分析结果,认为侏罗系和白垩系油气显示特征相同,为油与气显示,气体样品的干燥系数(C_1/C_总)为0.80～0.87,甲烷C同位素δ~(13)C_1为-48.19‰～-50,87‰,表现了低成熟热解气的特征;古生界风化壳为气显示,天然气干燥系数(C_1/C_总)为0.91～0.92,甲烷C同位素δ~(13)C_1为-21.56‰-30.91‰,表现了高成熟热解气的特征.该井及邻区的中生界、古生界烃源岩干酪根类型及其演化程度具有显著的差别,中生界烃源岩以低成熟混合型干酪根为主,古生界烃源岩为成熟-高成熟(或过成熟)的混合型-腐泥型干酪根.表明该区存在以中生界侏罗系-白垩系低成熟烃源岩为油气源的油气系统和古生界高成熟(或过成熟)烃源岩为气源的油气系统,指示了古生界油气资源前景.     

黑河下游额济纳绿洲现代荒漠化过程及其驱动机制

额济纳绿洲是发育在黑河下游内陆河三角洲上著名的天然绿洲。20世纪50年代以来,额济纳绿洲现代荒漠化过程加剧,绿洲萎缩,生态恶化。绿洲现代荒漠化过程是由水环境恶化过程、土壤干燥化过程、植被退化与生物多样性衰减过程、土地沙漠化过程和土壤盐碱化过程构成的地表动力学过程。导致额济纳绿洲荒漠化的驱动力是区域气候暖干化、强盛的风蚀侵蚀力、上中游过度开发水土资源的人为活动和额济纳绿洲内的“三滥”活动等。荒漠化驱动力的第一主成分与第二主成分的贡献率分别为59．276％和28．083％,反映出绿洲荒漠化驱动因子的多面性和综合性,绿洲内外过度的人为活动是其主导驱动因素。内在、外在驱动力在时间与空间上的耦合性是绿洲荒漠化的区域机制,驱动力因子团的互动-激发作用形成荒漠化的动力机制,驱动力与荒漠化土地间的响应形成正反馈机制,三种作用机制组合成绿洲现代荒漠化过程的复杂的驱动机制。     

How changes of groundwater level affect the desert riparian forest ecosystem in the Ejina Oasis,Northwest China

Groundwater is a key factor controlling the growth of vegetation in desert riparian systems. It is important to recognise how groundwater changes affect the riparian forest ecosystem. This information will not only help us to understand the ecological and hydrological process of the riparian forest but also provide support for ecological recovery of riparian forests and water-resources management of arid inland river basins. This study aims to estimate the suitability of the Water Vegetation Energy and Solute Modelling(WAVES) model to simulate the Ejina Desert riparian forest ecosystem changes,China, to assess effects of groundwater-depth change on the canopy leaf area index(LAI) and water budgets, and to ascertain the suitable groundwater depth for preserving the stability and structure of desert riparian forest. Results demonstrated that the WAVES model can simulate changes to ecological and hydrological processes. The annual mean water consumption of a Tamarix chinensis riparian forest was less than that of a Populus euphratica riparian forest, and the canopy LAI of the desert riparian forest should increase as groundwater depth decreases. Groundwater changes could significantly influence water budgets for T. chinensis and P. euphratica riparian forests and show the positive and negative effects on vegetation growth and water budgets of riparian forests. Maintaining the annual mean groundwater depth at around 1.7-2.7 m is critical for healthy riparian forest growth. This study highlights the importance of considering groundwater-change impacts on desert riparian vegetation and water-balance applications in ecological restoration and efficient water-resource management in the Heihe River Basin.     

内蒙古额济纳盆地沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境

沉积物的粒度特征对于分析区域沉积动力环境有着重要意义。本文以额济纳盆地为研究区,以戈壁、河床和沙丘3个主要地貌单元采集的表层沉积物样本的粒度测量结果为数据源,基于粒度参数分析和端元建模分析,研究了沉积物的粒度特征、端元构成和反映的沉积动力环境。结果表明：（1）额济纳盆地表层沉积物粒度曲线具有单峰和多峰分布,其中戈壁和沙丘沉积物组成上以砂质为主,河床沉积物组成上以砂质和粉砂质为主。（2）表层沉积物可分解出4个主要端元,端元1到端元4的主要物质依次为粗粉砂、细砂、中砂和细砂混合物以及粗砂和中砂混合物。（3）区域环境特点分析表明,表层沉积物端元1主要代表了以流水为主的动力过程,端元2主要代表了风力作用和局部地形环境复合的过程,端元3和端元4主要是风力主导下的多外营力复合以及局部环境共同作用的结果。     

额济纳绿洲近20年来土地覆被变化

土地利用/土地覆被变化研究是近年来全球环境变化研究的焦点之一。根据黑河下游额济纳绿洲土地生态分类,利用1982年与2000年2期TM遥感数据对比和野外实地调查,采用景观生态空间分布格局分析方法,分为河岸乔木林、河岸灌草林、荒漠稀疏灌丛、荒漠稀疏草地、河道与水域、盐碱化土地、城镇、戈壁、流动沙丘和剥蚀地山丘陵, 从各类土地分布面积变化和类型转移趋向与幅度两个方面,分析了额济纳绿洲20年来土地覆被变化。结果表明：①土地覆被类型结构发生了较大变化,河岸乔木林面积萎缩了0.97％、斑块数减小了376,而河岸灌草林增加了0.92％,数量减小1 316;而％LAND指数荒漠稀疏灌丛由4.49％增加到5.65％,由于中游来水量的锐减,河道和水域的斑块数由40个减少到6个,％LAND指数减小了0.15％。与此同时流动沙丘％LAND指数增加了0.42％。②近20年来以胡杨为主的河岸乔木林和荒漠稀疏草地减小了45.02％和14.55％,相应地以柽柳为主的河岸稀疏灌草地和荒漠稀疏灌丛增加了35.03％和25.88％;河岸乔灌林向河岸灌草林景观转移概率为45.95％,向荒漠稀疏灌丛和稀疏草地转移了0.78%和3.01％,向戈壁转移了10.87%;河岸灌草林景观类型向河岸乔灌林转移8.06％,向稀疏灌丛和稀疏草地转移10.95%和19.64%,向戈壁转移11.88％;③额济纳绿洲具有从河岸乔木→河岸灌草地→荒漠稀疏灌丛快速演化的趋势。     

Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical study of groundwater in the Ejina Basin,northwest China

The study investigates the groundwater evolution and its residence time in the Ejina Basin, northwest China according to isotope and hydrochemical analyses results. The groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by the dissolution of halite, Glauber’s salt, gypsum, dolomite and calcite, also influenced by other processes such as evaporation, ion exchange, and deposition. Based on tritium content in atmospheric precipitation and by adopting a model with exponential time distribution function, the mean residence time of the unconfined aquifer groundwater with fairly high tritium activities (21–49 TU) is evaluated. The results show that these groundwaters have low residence time (5–120 years) and are renewable. In contrast, the deep confined groundwaters are tritium-free and radiocarbon values range from 18.3 to 26.7 pmc. According to the most commonly used ¹⁴C correction models, the radiocarbon groundwater ages were calculated which yield ages of approximately 4,087–9,364 years BP. Isotopic signatures indicate formation of deep confined groundwaters in a colder and wetter climate during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. It is suggested that long-term, rational water usage guide should be set up for the Heihe River Basin as a whole to permit a considerable discharge to the Ejina Basin.