智能卡和出租车轨迹数据中蕴含城市人群活动模式的差异性分析

当前采用交通流数据量化城市人群活动模式研究已经取得了丰硕的研究成果,但是对于同一区域、同一时段不同类型交通流数据反映城市人群活动模式的共性与差异性仍然知之甚少,直接影响了城市人群活动模式挖掘结果的可解释性与实际应用效果。为此,本文旨在对目前广泛采用的智能卡数据（公交和地铁刷卡）和出租车轨迹数据2种重要的交通流数据,从时空分布模式的差异性、行程距离及距离衰减效应的差异性、空间社团结构的差异性3个方面,探索二者反映城市人群活动模式的差异性：① 采用北京市六环以内区域2016年5月9日至15日的智能卡和出租车轨迹数据进行实验分析,研究发现：① 2种交通流反映出行需求的空间分布呈现出高度相关性,但是在同一空间单元上,2种交通流反映出行需求的时间相关性较低;② 2种交通流的使用率在不同空间位置存在明显差异,仅在城市中心区域使用率较为均衡;③ 2种交通流反映人群行程距离的空间分布、距离衰减效应存在明显差异,公共交通对于促进长距离出行更为重要;④ 从2种交通流发现的空间社团结构都显示了城市的多中心结构特征,但是二者发现社团结构存在的差异性表明两种交通方式对城市空间交互起着不同的作用。本研究有助于深入理解多源交通流反映城市人群活动的内在机理,提升城市人群活动模式在城市规划、交通管理等领域的应用效果。     

Re-examining urban region and inferring regional function based on spatial–temporal interaction

Urban system is shaped by the interactions between different regions and regions planned by the government, then reshaped by human activities and residents’ needs. Understanding the changes of regional structure and dynamics of city function based on the residents’ movement demand are important to evaluate and adjust the planning and management of urban services and internal structures. This paper constructed a probabilistic factor model on the basis of probabilistic latent semantic analysis and tensor decomposition, for purpose of understanding the higher order interactive population mobility and its impact on urban structure changes. First, a four-dimensional tensor of time (T)?×?week (W)?×?origin (O)?×?destination (D) was constructed to identify the day-to-day activities in three time modes and weekly regularity of weekday/weekend pattern. Then we reclassified the urban regions based on the space clustering formed by the space factor matrix and core tensor. Finally, we further analysed the space–time interaction on different time scales to deduce the actual function and connection strength of each region. Our research shows that the application of individual-based spatial–temporal data in human mobility and space–time interaction study can help to analyse urban spatial structure and understand the actual regional function from a new perspective.     

基于出租车上下客点的城市人口流动分析

掌握城市人口流动动态有利于进行交通预测、应急快速响应,以及合理的城市规划。出租车作为城市主要的交通运输工具之一,可以反映城市中人口的流动。本文以出租车上下客点数据为例,对比在工作日以及休息日的人口流动差异,分析出租车数据的空间分布及其动态变化,揭示城市人口流动模式。     

Integration of nighttime light remote sensing images and taxi GPS tracking data for population surface enhancement

The population distribution grid at fine scales better reflects the distribution of residents and plays an important role in investigating urban systems. The recent years have witnessed a growing trend of applying the nighttime light data to the estimation of population at micro levels. However, using the nighttime light data alone to estimate population may cause the overestimation problem due to excessively high light radiance in specific types of areas such as commercial zones and transportation hubs. In dealing with this issue, this study used taxi trajectory data that delineate people’s movements, and explored the utility of integrating the nighttime light and taxi trajectory data in the estimation of population in Shanghai at the spatial resolution of 500 m. First, the initial population distribution grid was generated based on the NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data. Then, a calibration grid was created with taxi trajectory data, whereby the initial population grid was optimized. The accuracy of the resultant population grid was assessed by comparing it with the refined survey data. The result indicates that the final population distribution grid performed better than the initial population grid, which reflects the effectiveness of the proposed calibration process.     

天气因素对武汉市出租车出行活动的影响

天气状况作为人们生活环境的组成要素之一,对居民日常出行可产生显著的影响,具体可表征为特定空间位置和用地类型范围内出行活动的需求量以及道路交通路线选择的变化。高效、智能化的交通应急管理和城市规划建设亟需理解天气因素影响交通出行时空分布的基本规律。本文选取武汉市作为典型研究区域,基于出租车、气象和空气质量等数据,对不同天气下的居民出行模式和司机路径选择模式进行时空分析,并解释2类模式产生变化的原因和机制。结果表明：① 从时间上看,工作日的出租车需求量更容易受到天气变化的影响,其中降雨、气温的升高和风速的增强会显著降低居民对出租车的需求;② 从全市域空间尺度上看,降雨使得居民对出租车的需求量在工作日时段减少,而在周末时段增加,其中降雨主要刺激短距离出租车出行需求而抑制中长距离出行需求;③ 从城郊区空间尺度上看,雨天时段主城区内部的中距离流量减少,郊区内部的短距离流量增加,往返于主城区和郊区的中长距离流量在工作日减少、在周末增加;④ 从功能区空间尺度上看,下雨使得行政办公用地的出租车需求量减少,商业金融用地的出租车需求量在工作日减少、在周末增加,工业用地的出租车需求量在工作日增加、在周末减少;⑤ 从行驶路径上看,出租车司机在晴天时偏好根据距离来判断最佳路线,而在雨天倾向于改变原先路线选择策略,将距离和车速共同作为最佳路线的指标,选择用时最少的最佳路线。本文研究成果可帮助城市和交通管理部门更加深入地理解城市居民出行规律及其时空分布特征。     

基于出租车用户出行的功能区识别

出租车数据作为城市大数据重要来源,其上车行为和下车行为直接反映城市人群出行行为特征,帮助城市规划者发现城市人群出行规律和城市功能结构。但是出租车数据隐含多维度信息,一维或者二维模型不足以表达和挖掘其蕴含的多维信息,因此本文选择可以承载多维数据的张量模型对出租车OD（上车/下车）数据进行时空模式挖掘。本文将北京六环区域划分为500 m×500 m格网,采用北京市2012年11月1-16日的出租车OD数据,分别构建O点和D点张量,利用张量分解模型从日尺度、时段尺度揭示出租车用户出行时间模式,同时获取不同时段对应的出租车用户出行空间模式,并推测空间模式包含的语义属性。本文结合城市兴趣点（Point of Interest, POI）数据,提高空间模式语义属性推测的准确性,识别出租车用户出行功能区。结果表明：出租车用户出行时间符合工作日和休息日的早高峰、日间、晚高峰以及夜间模式;对应8种时间模式,出租车用户出行包含8种空间模式,每一种空间模式都是对应时间模式下的上下车热点区域,因此空间模式的变化表明城市人群在不同的时间点,到达不同的场所,进行不同的活动,间接表达空间功能的动态变化;区域的功能不是单一静态的,而是随着时间在不断地变化,是不同时段功能的组合。本文揭示出租车OD数据中隐含的出租车用户出行模式和空间功能动态变化,对利用人类行为时空模式研究区域空间功能结构具有科学参考价值。     

Flow Cross K-function: a bivariate flow analytical method

Spatial flow data represent meaningful interaction activities between pairs of corresponding locations, such as daily commuting, animal migration, and merchandise shipping. Despite recent advances in flow data analytics, there is a lack of literature on detecting bivariate or multivariate spatial flow patterns. In this paper we introduce a new spatial statistical method called Flow Cross K-function, which combines the Cross K-function that detects marked point patterns and the Flow K-function that detects univariate flow clustering patterns. Flow Cross K-function specifically assesses spatial dependence of two types of flow events, in other words, whether one type of flows is spatially associated with the other, and if so, whether this is according to a clustering or dispersion trend. Both a global version and a local version of Flow Cross K-function are developed. The former measures the overall bivariate flow patterns in the study area, while the latter can identify anomalies at local scales that may not follow the global trend. We test our method with carefully designed synthetic data that simulate the extreme situations. We exemplify the usefulness of this method with an empirical study that examines the distributions of taxi trip flows in New York City.     

A network distance and graph-partitioning-based clustering method for improving the accuracy of urban hotspot detection

Clustering is an important approach to identifying hotspots with broad applications, ranging from crime area analysis to transport prediction and urban planning. As an on-demand transport service, taxis play an important role in urban systems, and the pick-up and drop-off locations in taxi GPS trajectory data have been widely used to detect urban hotspots for various purposes. In this work, taxi drop-off events are represented as linear features in the context of the road network space. Based on such representation, instead of the most frequently used Euclidian distance, Jaccard distance is calculated to measure the similarity of road segments for cluster analysis, and further, a network distance and graph-partitioning-based clustering method is proposed for improving the accuracy of urban hotspot detection. A case study is conducted using taxi trajectory data collected from over 6500 taxis during one week, and the results indicate that the proposed method can identify urban hotspots more precisely.     

边界时刻一致性判别方法在北京市出租车运量生成机制中的实证应用

以北京市出租车运量生成机制研究为例,探索时间基本单元大小对交通时段划分及运量生成机制的影响。基于北京市出租车轨迹数据,按10 min步长,采用10 min至60 min共6种时间基本单元对全天数据在交通小区尺度进行划分得到切片数据,应用系统聚类法将切片聚合得到时段划分,得到6种时段划分结果,进而对具有交集的时段采用边界时刻进行一致性判别。在时段划分基础上,应用地理加权回归模型比较分析了不同时间基本单元在上班时段的出租车运量影响因子的差异。结果显示,时间基本单元小于40 min时,上班时段的起始时刻不具有一致性;如果考虑所有时段的起始和结束时刻,则小于50 min时不具有一致性。上班时段的运量生成机制模型结果与时刻一致性判别类似,当时间基本单元在50 min及以上时,回归得到的解释变量具有一致性,小于50 min后则会有所变化。这些结果说明,基本时间单元的大小会影响交通运量时段划分和生成机制研究的结果;考虑到结果一致性和整点划分习惯,推荐采用60 min为基本划分单元。提出的边界时刻一致性判别方法也可以用到其它交通模式和其他相似的大数据研究。     

城市商业服务设施吸引力的空间相关性分析

利用武汉市出租车轨迹数据,根据服务设施的空间可达性,采用加权两步移动搜寻法计算服务设施的吸引力大小,并通过计算全局自相关指标分析服务设施吸引力在整体上的空间聚集特征,在此基础上分析服务设施吸引力的局部空间相关性。实验结果表明,武汉市服务设施吸引力整体上呈现显著的空间聚集特征,在商业繁华中心地带服务设施吸引力具有局部自相关性。