Difference in the influence of Indo-Pacific Ocean heat content on South Asian Summer Monsoon intensity before and after 1976/1977

Monthly ocean temperature from ORAS4 datasets and atmospheric data from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis I/II were used to analyze the relationship between the intensity of the South Asian summer monsoon(SASM) and upper ocean heat content(HC) in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean.The monsoon was differentiated into a Southwest Asian Summer Monsoon(SWASM)(2.5°–20°N,35°–70°E) and Southeast Asian Summer Monsoon(SEASM)(2.5°–20°N,70°–110°E).Results show that before the 1976/77 climate shift,the SWASM was strongly related to HC in the southern Indian Ocean and tropical Pacific Ocean.The southern Indian Ocean affected SWASM by altering the pressure gradient between southern Africa and the northern Indian Ocean and by enhancing the Somali cross-equatorial flow.The tropical Pacific impacted the SWASM through the remote forcing of ENSO.After the 1976/77 shift,there was a close relationship between equatorial central Pacific HC and the SEASM.However,before that shift,their relationship was weak.     

我国夏季雨型的前期异常特征及预报方法的初步研究

用１９５１～１９９５年资料研究了我国东部夏季降水各雨型的前期大气环流及我国地面气象要素场的异常特征．结果表明,在冬季１月份北太平洋地区、秋季中国南海地区的海平面气压场有预报我国夏季雨型的信号．夏季不同雨型的前期冬季特征不同,我国的降水、气温场也有差异,４月份我国大范围的温度异常也是值得注意的预测信号．这些特征可以作为我国夏季雨型的预报信号及预报工具．     

台湾利吉混杂岩中蛇纹岩伴生碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及其成因分析

随着全球气候变暖,生命元素C在地球各个系统的循环受到了越来越多的关注,俯冲带是地表C和深源C循环的重要场所,发育于俯冲带的蛇纹岩伴生碳酸盐岩和渗漏流体对生命的起源及全球C循环研究具有重要意义。台湾东部(简称台东)海岸山脉新生代利吉混杂岩中发育具有沉积特征的蛇纹岩碎屑角砾岩及具有较轻C同位素组成的伴生碳酸盐岩,其成因可能与马里亚纳弧前海底蛇纹岩泥火山和自生碳酸盐岩相似。本研究对台东3个蛇纹岩出露点发育的碳酸盐岩脉进行岩石学、矿物学及地球化学分析,探讨蛇纹岩伴生碳酸盐岩脉的成因。台东利吉蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩伴生的碳酸盐岩,发育泥微晶团粒、凝块以及放射纤维状方解石和草莓状黄铁矿,总有机碳含量较高(0.11%～0.25%),可能与微生物介导的CH₄厌氧氧化作用有关。利吉桥头剖面蛇纹岩巨砾中的方解石脉δ¹³C为-17.8‰～0.7‰,十三领碳酸盐岩δ¹³C为-12.8‰～-10.7‰,指示碳源很可能包括无机成因CH₄的氧化与海水源碳的混合。虎头山蛇纹岩角砾中方解石脉δ¹³C为-3.4‰～2....     

ENSO cycle and climate anomaly in China

The inter-annual variability of the tropical Pacific Subsurface Ocean Temperature Anomaly (SOTA) and the associated anomalous atmospheric circulation over the Asian North Pacific during the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) atmospheric reanalysis data and simple ocean data simulation (SODA). The relationship between the ENSO and the climate of China was revealed. The main results indicated the following: 1) there are two ENSO modes acting on the subsurface tropical Pacific. The first mode is related to the mature phase of ENSO, which mainly appears during winter. The second mode is associated with a transition stage of the ENSO developing or decaying, which mainly occurs during summer; 2) during the mature phase of El Ni o, the meridionality of the atmosphere in the mid-high latitude increases, the Aleutian low and high pressure ridge over Lake Baikal strengthens, northerly winds prevail in northern China, and precipitation in northern China decreases significantly. The ridge of the Ural High strengthens during the decaying phase of El Ni o, as atmospheric circulation is sustained during winter, and the northerly wind anomaly appears in northern China during summer. Due to the ascending branch of the Walker circulation over the western Pacific, the western Pacific Subtropical High becomes weaker, and south-southeasterly winds prevail over southern China. As a result, less rainfall occurs over northern China and more rainfall over the Changjiang River basin and the southwestern and eastern region of Inner Mongolia. The flood disaster that occurred south of Changjiang River can be attributed to this. The La Ni a event causes an opposite, but weaker effect; 3) the ENSO cycle can influence climate anomalies within China via zonal and meridional heat transport. This is known as the "atmospheric-bridge", where the energy anomaly within the tropical Pacific transfers to the mid-high latitude in the northern Pacific through Hadley cells and Rossby waves, and to the western Pacific-eastern Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. This research also discusses the special air-sea boundary processes during the ENSO events in the tropical Pacific, and indicates that the influence of the subsurface water of the tropical Pacific on the atmospheric circulation may be realized through the sea surface temperature anomalies of the mixed water, which contact the atmosphere and transfer the anomalous heat and moisture to the atmosphere directly. Moreover, the reason for the heavy flood within the Changjiang River during the summer of 1998 is reviewed in this paper.     

南印度洋副热带偶极子的年代际转变特征

为了增进对南印度洋副热带偶极子(Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole,SIOD)年代际变化的认识,基于Hadley中心的海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、美国国家环境预报中心的大气再分析数据集Ⅰ(NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis1,NCEP)的大气再分析数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心的海洋再分析数据(Ocean Reanalysis System 4,ORAS4)等,本文分析了1958～2020年SIOD年代际转变的特征和物理机制。结果显示,2000年之前,SIOD存在2～4 a和4～6 a两个年际主周期,但近20 a(2000～2020年)其年际变化周期以1.5～2.0 a为主。与此同时,SIOD的空间特征及其强度在1987年和2004年左右出现了两次显著的年代际转变:1958～1986年(P1)期间强度最大,1987～2003年(P2)期间最弱,2004～2020年(P3)期间居中;P1期间SIOD的最大正SST异常(sea surface temperature anomalies,SSTA)中心位于(46°～80...     

台湾利吉蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩地球化学特征及其指示意义

马里亚纳海沟弧前广泛发育来源于深部地幔楔、由泥火山作用形成的碎屑蛇纹岩,并且在泥火山顶部海底有非生物成因甲烷渗漏和无光合作用的自养生物群,是地球科学界的研究热点。在弧陆碰撞形成的台湾利吉混杂岩带发育有蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩,一直有构造成因、沉积成因与构造沉积复合成因的争议。本次研究对台湾利吉蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩的岩石学和地球化学进行了研究,蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩呈层状或巨砾发育于台东利吉村附近的混杂岩泥质基质中,蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩的角砾和粉砂质-泥质基质均由蛇纹岩组成,角砾呈次棱角状至次圆状,显示沉积成因特征。蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩的Al2O3-MgO-CaO位于与蛇绿岩套有关的变质橄榄岩范围内,且偏低的Al2O3和CaO含量表明,其来源于活动大陆边缘俯冲带上盘的弧前环境。此外,蛇纹岩角砾富集As、Sb和Pb元素,暗示具有俯冲带上驮板块地幔楔蛇纹岩的特征,并富集来自俯冲板片的中低温流体。因此,利吉蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩很可能来自俯冲带上盘地幔楔,由北吕宋火山岛弧弧前基底形成的蛇纹岩通过泥火山作用喷出海底,最后经弧陆碰撞进入台湾利吉混杂岩带。     

Reconstruction of vertical thermal structure from several subsurface temperatures in the China Seas and adjacent waters

Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is used in this study to generate main eigenvector fields of historical temperature for the China Seas (here referring to Chinese marine territories) and adjacent waters from 1930 to 2002 (510 143 profiles). A good temperature profile is reconstructed based on several subsurface in situ temperature observations and the thermocline was estimated using the model. The results show that: 1) For the study area, the former four principal components can explain 95% of the overall variance, and the vertical distribution of temperature is most stable using the in situ temperature observations near the surface. 2) The model verifications based on the observed CTD data from the East China Sea (ECS), South China Sea (SCS) and the areas around Taiwan Island show that the reconstructed profiles have high correlation with the observed ones with the confidence level >95%, especially to describe the characteristics of the thermocline well. The average errors between the reconstructed and observed profiles in these three areas are 0.69°C, 0.52°C and 1.18°C respectively. It also shows the model RMS error is less than or close to the climatological error. The statistical model can be used to well estimate the temperature profile vertical structure. 3) Comparing the thermocline characteristics between the reconstructed and observed profiles, the results in the ECS show that the average absolute errors are 1.5m, 1.4 m and 0.17°C/m, and the average relative errors are 24.7%, 8.9% and 22.6% for the upper, lower thermocline boundaries and the gradient, respectively. Although the relative errors are obvious, the absolute error is small. In the SCS, the average absolute errors are 4.1 m, 27.7 m and 0.007°C/m, and the average relative errors are 16.1%, 16.8% and 9.5% for the upper, lower thermocline boundaries and the gradient, respectively. The average relative errors are all <20%. Although the average absolute error of the lower thermocline boundary is considerable, but contrast to the spatial scale of average depth of the lower thermocline boundary (165 m), the average relative error is small (16.8%). Therefore the model can be used to well estimate the thermocline. Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX-3W-222; KZCX2-YW-Q11-02) and National Basic Research Program of China (No.2007CB411802; 2006CB403601)     

基于等价分析法评估溢油事故的自然资源损害

尽管国际公约和许多国家立法已将海上溢油事故导致的自然资源损失列入索赔范围,然而,在量化和货币化损害以及确定索赔和修复范围等方面尚未建立被广泛接受的计算方法。生境等价分析(Habitat Equivalency Analysis,HEA)和资源等价分析(Resource Equivalency Analysis,REA)是美国和欧盟应用于评估自然资源损害的理论方法,二者的关键假设是受损的生态服务损失和修复计划的服务收益应当相等。HEA结果依赖于生态服务价值标尺选择、服务价值水平、恢复曲线形状、修复计划时长以及贴现率等;REA结果受死亡生物数量和年龄组成的影响。HEA和REA的非货币形式结果补偿的并非生态环境,而是人类社会福祉。目前,一些货币化损失的方法已被提出,然而传统经济学家和生态经济学家之间存在争议。美国部分法庭承认HEA和REA方法,其结果为法庭索赔提供数据支持。如果将生态学和经济学原理结合考虑,将能够促进等价分析法的深入发展,推动索赔工作更加有理有据。     

西太平洋暖池热含量与南海夏季风强度的关系

为了进一步明确西太平洋暖池热含量对南海夏季风强度的影响,利用1948~2012年日本气象厅(japan meteorological agency,JMA)逐月的海温资料、Hadley中心的海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析比较了南海夏季风强度与热带太平洋上层海洋热含量和SST的关系;探讨了海洋热含量影响南海夏季风强度的机制。结果表明:(1)相比于西太暖池SST,西太暖池上层海洋热含量是南海夏季风强度更好的预测因子;(2)前期冬春季的西太平洋暖池热含量与南海夏季风强度呈现显著的正相关,尤其在3月,二者相关系数最大;当暖池热含量偏高(低)时,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱(强),赤道印度洋出现异常反气旋(气旋),印度洋上空的Walker环流分支偏强(弱),南海越赤道气流增强(减弱),最终使得南海夏季风强度偏强(弱)。     

南海北部31ka以来GDGTs组成及其对古温度和季风变化的响应

南海因受到高纬度气候、低纬度大洋以及东亚季风等多种因素的影响而成为研究古温度和季风变化的理想区域。本文通过研究QH-CL11柱状沉积物的GDGTs组成、含量变化特征及其延伸的86个碳原子的四醚指标(TEX_(86)~H),分析南海北部GDGTs来源,并定量计算QH-CL11柱状沉积物记录的海洋表面温度(SST),从而探讨31 ka以来南海北部古温度变化的驱动机制。通过甲烷指数和支链/异戊二烯类指标等,确定isoGDGTs主要来自于奇古菌,适用于古温度重建。TEX_(86)~H温度显示出明显的冰期一间冰期旋回,与南海北部有孔虫和UK'_(37) SSTs具有很好的相似性。出现在TEX_(86)~H SST中的海因里希冷事件(H1-3)和Bφlling-Allerod暖期之前的温度大幅度上升事件(14.6 ka)反映了高纬度气候对南海的影响。南海SSTs和北太平洋MD01-2421 U~K'_(37)SST的差异(△SST5)可以用来反映东亚冬季风强度的变化。△SSTs显示东亚冬季风强度在Bφlling-Allerφd暖期前增加,在新仙女木时期达到最大值,在全新世早期再次下降,然后在全新世中晚期缓慢增加,这与前人对东亚冬季风强度的认识具有很好的一致性。该方法对重建长周期东亚冬季风强度具有重要的指导意义。