西藏浦桑果铜多金属矿床侵入岩的地球化学特征及对构造环境的约束

浦桑果铜多金属矿床是在南木林火山盆地内新近发现的矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床。文章对矿区内的花岗闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩和闪长玢岩进行了岩石地球化学研究,结果表明:这些岩石的ω(SiO2)介于59.08%～67.28%,ω(Al2O3)为15.38%～16.86%,ω(MgO)为1.52%～4.06%,ω(TFeO)介于1.2%～3.46%,均属钙碱性系列。稀土元素总量为22.0×10-6～148.56×10-6,LaN/YbN比值为17.98～37.57,为轻稀土元素富集。花岗闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩和闪长玢岩均相对富集Cs、Rb、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Th、U、Nb等,强负铕异常或弱负铕异常,无铈异常或弱铈异常。岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素研究表明,花岗闪长斑岩和闪长玢岩形成于中生代雅鲁藏布新特提斯洋向北部拉萨地体俯冲的岛弧环境,花岗闪长岩形成于青藏高原碰撞后伸展作用环境。     

Sub-seasonal extreme rainfall prediction in the Kelani River basin of Sri Lanka by using self-organizing map classification

Natural Hazards - The availability of several multi-model and ensemble sub-seasonal forecasts online has generated a growing interest in extreme rainfall prediction and early warning. Developing...     

Pointing of HAGAR telescope mirrors

An array of seven atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes was commissioned at a high altitude site in Hanle in the Ladakh region of the Himalayas. The array called HAGAR has been designed to observe celestial γ-rays of energy >100 GeV. Each telescope is altitude-azimuth mounted and carries seven parabolic mirrors whose optic axes are co-aligned with the telescope axis. The telescopes point and track a celestial source using a PC-based drive control system. Two important issues in positioning of each HAGAR telescope are pointing accuracy of telescope axis and co-alignment of mirrors’ optic axes with the telescope axis. We have adopted a three pronged strategy to address these issues, namely use of pointing models to improve pointing accuracy of the telescopes, RA-DEC scan technique to measure the pointing offsets of the mirrors and mechanical fine-tuning of off-axis mirrors by sighting a distant stationary light source. This paper discusses our efforts in this regard as well as the current status of pointing and monitoring of HAGAR telescopes.     

玛湖凹陷西斜坡区三叠系白碱滩组沉积特征

最近在玛湖凹陷斜坡区上三叠统白碱滩组砂体内钻遇工业油流,但其沉积成因还未见报道.以玛西斜坡区为研究范围,在岩心沉积特征观察、镜下岩矿成分分析及粒度分析等基础上,结合测、钻井资料等,对白碱滩组沉积相类型进行鉴定,并阐明沉积演化规律.结果表明:白碱滩组内包含辫状河三角洲和湖泊两个相类型,并可进一步细分出辫状河三角洲前缘、前...     

冈底斯成矿带东段矿床成矿系列及找矿突破的关键问题研究

冈底斯成矿带是我国最重要的资源接续基地之一,其中冈底斯岩浆弧(III43)是最重要的Ⅲ级成矿带,研究程度最高在拉孜县-工布江达县长约600km、宽约90km范围内,已发现并评价了5个超大型矿集区:雄村铜金矿集区,厅宫-冲江铜多金属矿集区,甲玛-驱龙-邦铺铜多金属矿矿集区,蒙亚啊-洞中拉-亚贵拉多金属矿集区,程巴-努日钨钼铜矿集区。根据近年来的研究成果,厘定出与海西期火山作用、海西期裂谷构造有关的铅锌银矿床成矿系列组、印支-燕山期与沉积-构造岩浆作用有关的铜、金、铁、铅锌、银、钼矿床成矿系列组以及冈底斯成矿带内喜山期与构造岩浆、沉积作用有关的铜、金、铁、铅锌、银、钼、钨、铀、盐类矿床成矿系列组,包括6个矿床成矿系列和10个成矿亚系列。主要的矿床成矿亚系列为:与早侏罗世-晚侏罗世岛弧型中酸性火山岩-浅成岩建造有关的铜、金、银、铅锌矿床成矿亚系列,成矿年龄173～160Ma,雄村外围和拉萨以东广泛分布的叶巴组分布区是其主要找矿远景区;与古新世-始新世中酸性火山-中浅成岩浆建造有关的铅锌、银、钼、钨、铁矿床成矿亚系列(沙让式、亚贵拉式、洞中拉式),成矿年龄在65～38Ma,林周盆地-南木林盆地及其北侧的隆格尔断隆带是主要的找矿远景区;与中新世中酸性浅成岩浆建造有关的铜、钼、铅锌、钨、金、银矿床成矿亚系列(驱龙式、甲玛式、冲江-厅宫式、朱诺式、邦铺式),成矿年龄17～13Ma,冈底斯成矿带东段中带是主要的找矿远景区,尤其是含矿斑岩体接触带的矽卡岩型铜多金属矿,如新发现的普桑果矽卡岩型铜铅锌矿。成矿元素从南往北的分布规律为Cu-Au(斑岩型)→Mo-W(Cu)(斑岩-矽卡岩型)→Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn(Au、Ag)(斑岩-矽卡岩型)→Mo(Cu)(斑岩)→Pb-Zn-Mo-W-Fe(斑岩-矽卡岩型)→Pb、Zn(Ag)(热液脉型)。成矿时代从南往北的规律为173～154Ma(雄村)→40～20Ma(努日-程巴等)→17～13Ma(驱龙、甲玛等)→65～38Ma(沙让、亚贵拉等)。冈底斯成矿带强烈的燕山晚期、喜山期的黑云母花岗岩(花岗斑岩、石英斑岩)岩浆活动控制了矽卡岩型铜铅锌铁钼矿床的分布,形成岩体中Cu、Mo、W矿化,外围接触带(0～4km)灰岩与黑色岩系的层间构造中的Mo-W-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au矿化分带,主要的含矿岩系组合是灰岩(大理岩)+黑色板岩、凝灰岩、砂板岩。主要的含矿层位为晚石炭-早二叠世昂杰组、来姑组,二叠纪的洛巴堆组、下拉组,中侏罗世多底沟组与晚侏罗世林布宗组层间构造。按照"缺位"理论预测燕山晚期-喜山早期(126～40Ma)念青唐古拉地区矽卡岩型多金属矿附近的斑岩钼(铜)矿等5种主要矿床类型和雄村铜金矿外围,拉萨以东叶巴组(J2y)大面积分布地区等4个主要预测区,提出了增生楔中的造山型金矿的找矿突破、推覆-滑覆构造控岩控矿模型的构建等当前找矿突破中的关键地质问题。     

西藏南木林县浦桑果铜多金属矿床矿石矿物特征及钴、镍元素赋存状态研究

西藏冈底斯成矿带南木林县浦桑果铜多金属矿床是新发现的大型铜多金属矿床,该矿床以品位高,成矿元素复杂为其特征。本文应用野外地质编录、显微镜鉴定、电子探针等手段对浦桑果矿床矿石矿物特征以及Co、Ni元素赋存状态进行了研究。矿石矿物主要由黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、铜蓝等组成。矿石中的有用元素除了铜、铅锌、银外,钴、镍元素是伴生有益组分,矿石中主要Co-Ni元素独立矿物为镍辉砷钴矿。通过电子探针分析,Co元素含量平均为17.87%,Ni元素含量平均12.66%,Co-Ni元素同时以类质同象置换铁的形式赋存于金属硫化物中,黄铜矿平均含Co0.04%、Ni0.08%,黄铁矿平均含Co0.40%、Ni0.20%,闪锌矿平均含Co0.14%、Ni0.06%,磁黄铁矿平均含Co0.79%、Ni0.18%等。Co-Ni元素作为重要的伴生矿产,对提高矿床综合利用价值,丰富青藏高原矿床类型,指导找矿工作部署具有重要的意义。     

西藏甲玛—驱龙地区叶巴岩组构造学特征

通过野外地质调查和定向薄片显微构造研究,对甲玛—驱龙地区叶巴岩组的变形、运动学和动力学进行了初步研究,指出:①原叶巴组实为构造岩,应称"叶巴岩组",区内可分为四个岩段,构成两个变火山-沉积旋回;②叶巴岩组在宏观上表现为自北而南的轴面总体北倾的复背斜和复向斜;③叶巴岩组经历过两期韧性变形,多期韧脆性变形,且邻甲玛—卡军果推-滑覆构造系主推覆面的C岩段还多经历了三期较浅层次的面理置换和一期膝折变形;④叶巴岩组两期韧性变形动向相反,第一期为上层面自南向北的剪切,第二期为上层面自北向南的剪切,第二期韧性剪切与随后的韧脆性变形具多阶段递进特点,在向南推覆褶皱至较浅层次后还经历多期脆-韧性变形,尤其是邻甲玛—卡军果推-滑覆构造系主推覆面部位;⑤叶巴岩组第一期韧性变形发生于94—85Ma±的晚白垩世土伦期—康尼亚克期,与雅鲁藏布江洋壳向北俯冲导致的弧后裂谷伸展有关;第二期韧性变形及其后主要的韧脆性变形发生于50Ma±的始新世,与印度-欧亚板块碰撞事件有关,碰撞后的构造作用则导致多期脆-韧性变形的叠加。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿二长花岗斑岩岩浆-热液过渡特征及成矿意义

以原始地质资料为基础,结合电子探针数据和岩石地球化学分析,从岩石学、岩相学和地球化学的角度分析了甲玛矿区二长花岗斑岩岩浆-热液过渡的特征及成矿作用。甲玛二长花岗斑岩岩浆热液过渡以电气石-钠/钙硅酸盐化、似伟晶细晶岩壳(脉)和具"冰长石"结构特征的钾长石、蠕状石及显微晶洞(或空腔)构造为特征;地球化学上表现为Na、K的反消长和挥发分含量的涨落,并伴随着Cu、Mo、Au等成矿物质从晚期岩浆的逃逸。甲玛二长花岗斑岩的岩浆热液过渡过程可划分为以超临界流体为代表的液相不混溶阶段和超临界流体逃逸为特征的气液分馏阶段。其中前者决定了岩浆晚期的矿质分馏程度,而后者控制了含矿蒸汽和成矿热液流体的形成,进而分别形成浸染状矿化和脉状矿化。     

Potential application of remote sensing in monitoring ecosystem services of forests,mangroves and urban areas

The application of remote sensing (RS) techniques to monitor ecosystem services has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, the potential application of RS to monitor some of ecosystem services is still challenging. The paper reviews the applications of RS to monitor ecosystem services of forests, mangroves and urban areas. Satellite data provide substantial information about dynamics of environmental changes over time from local to global scale. These information are useful data sources for the people who are involved in the on-going evaluation and decision-making process to manage ecosystem. Many recent research papers on the topic were reviewed to find new applications and limitations of RS for monitoring ecosystem services. Advanced RS techniques have high potential to monitor ecosystem services with the advancement of sensors ranging from aerial photography to high and medium resolution optical RS and from hyperspectral RS to microwave RS.     

Carbon neutral policy in action: the case of Bhutan

Climate policy across the world is proceeding at a highly variable pace, with some places very committed to decarbonizing their economies and others just beginning. Emerging nations are generally just starting along this journey. However, among the few nation states that have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality, is Bhutan, a least developed country. Carbon neutrality is an ambitious climate policy that is increasingly being recognized as necessary in order to stabilize global temperature rise at 1.5°C. However, Bhutan is likely to face significant challenges in maintaining this status as the country balances its desire to grow in economic opportunities (GDP) and in human happiness (GNH). Little research has been conducted inside the policy processes to better understand how Bhutan will maintain carbon neutrality. Through open-ended, semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, this study provides an inside view on the current situation and future challenges that Bhutan may face, along with the complexities associated with implementing and maintaining an ambitious carbon neutral policy. The paper highlights Bhutan's story and how it could be useful for policy learning and knowledge sharing, especially in the context of emerging nations’ climate governance.