岩层离距图法研究沉积岩断裂发育史——以松辽盆地敖古拉断裂为例

利用断裂活动过程中留下的各种地质标记研究断裂发育史是比较困难的 ,已有的研究方法主要可归纳出七种 ,都存在局限性。岩层离距图法是以地震剖面为基础 ,将穿过断裂的各剖面上的标志层投影到沿断裂走向的铅垂面上 ,得到多组标志层的垂向断距数据 ,然后用下部各标志层的断距减去最上部标志层的断距 ,并作多轮次计算 ,直到最后的断距差近似为零或仅剩一个非零标志层。每一轮次计算代表一个活动期次 ,如果出现负值 ,则表示有构造反转。对松辽盆地敖古拉断裂作了实例计算 ,结果为该断裂发育经历了三个正断活动期和一个逆断活动期 ,与盆地区域性活动有些差别。岩层离距图法比起其他已有方法 ,可靠程度大大提高     

Hydrogeologic studies for nuclear-waste disposal in Sweden

Safety Report 1997 (SR 97) of the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company is a comprehensive performance assessment of three hypothetical radioactive waste repositories in Sweden. It includes hydrogeologic studies (data compilation, parameter synthesis, and groundwater flow modeling) to determine groundwater flow and the associated uncertainties for the three sites. This report reviews and compares the hydrogeologic characterization programs, the site characteristics, and the groundwater flow models used in the SR 97 performance assessment. Although differences in site-characterization programs tend to mask differences in site characteristics, the sites do have notable differences that affect the results of the performance assessment. The effects of model uncertainties evaluated by the variant cases appear to be smaller than the variability of results for the base case (best estimate of site conditions) of each site. Electronic Publication     

Hydrothermale Lösungen

Zusammenfassung Das hydrothermale Auflösungsverhalten der vorwiegend als Gangarten auf-tretenden Mineralphasen Fluorit (CaF₂), Baryt (BaSO₄), Cölestin (SrSO₄) und Anglesit (PbSO₄) läßt sich übersichtlich in einem Temperatur-Löslichkeitsdiagramm darstellen und mit dem bekannten, qualitativ ähnlichen System SiO₂-H₂O vergleichen.Gegenüber dem molekulardispers gelösten SiO₂ ergeben sich aber für die in Ionen dissoziierten Lösungen der schwerlöslichen Sulfate und des Fluorits beträchtliche Verschiebungen der Sättigungsgleichgewichte, insbesondere bei Anwesenheit von Elektrolyten als Lösungsgenossen.Diese Beeinflussung, die für die genetischen Verhältnisse der Minerallagerstätten von entscheidender Bedeutung ist, wird für 0,1–2,0 normale NaCl-Lösungen im NaCl-Konzentrations-Löslichkeits-Diagramm der Minerale Fluorit, Baryt, Cölestin und Anglesit isotherm bis zum Siedepunkt der wäßrigen Mischphasen untersucht.Ferner wird das Löslichkeitsverhalten in den ternären Systemen BaSO₄-NaCl-H₂O und SrSO₄-NaCl-H₂O für Baryt und Cölestin gegen 2,0n NaCl-Lösungen entlang der Grenzkurve des Dreiphasengebietes und für die Isochoren 0,326 bis 0,6 bis 600° C und 2000 Bar dargestellt und mit den entsprechenden Verhältnissen der reinen wäßrigen Systeme verglichen.Ein abweichendes inkongruentes Auflösungsverhalten von Alumosilikaten mit Schichtgitterstruktur läßt sich am Beispiel des Muskovits durch die experimentelle Bestimmung der nichtstöchiometrischen Molekularverhältnisse SiO₂/K₂O und SiO₂/Al₂O₃ in den gesättigten Lösungen für den hydrothermalen Existenzbereich des Muskovits nachweisen.

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The behaviour of solubility for some minerals, which were for the most part found as vein minerals, was determined experimentally and is represented by summarizing diagrams.In the temperature-solubility diagram the hydrothermal solubility of fluorite, barite, celestine and anglesite is compared to the solubility of quartz and muskovite for the boundary curve of the three-phase region and for some isochores. As opposed to SiO₂, which is molecularly dispersed in solution, the ionic solutions of the systems CaF₂-H₂O, BaSO₄-H₂O, SrSO₄-H₂O and PbSO₄-H₂O show considerable displacement of the saturation equilibrium when other components are present in the solution.This influence on the solubility, significant for the genetic relations of mineral deposits, was quantitatively analyzed for 0.1–0.2 n-NaCl solutions. The results are isothermally shown in the NaCl-concentration solubility diagram within the boundaries of room temperature and the boiling point of the aqueous mixed phases.In the tenary systems BaSO₄-NaCl-H₂O and SrSO₄-NaCl-H₂O, the hydro-thermal solubility of barite and celestine in 2.0 n-NaCl solutions is also shown for the range of the boundary curve of the three-phase region and for the isochores 0.326–0.6 up to a temperature of 600° C and a pressure of 2000 bar. These solubilities are then compared with the diagrams of solubility for pure aqueous solutions.The irregular and incongruent behaviour of the solubility of aluminium-silicates of a layered-lattic structure is demonstrated for the system KAl₂(OH)₂-AlSi₂O₁₀-H₂O in the presence of muscovite by experimental determination of the non-stoechiometric molecular proportions of SiO₂K₂O and SiO₂ Al₂O₃. Such determination was conducted in saturated solutions for the hydrothermal range of the existence of muscovite.The geological importance of the knowledge of hydrothermal data of solubility and their application to the process of the hydrothermalmagmatic series and hydrothermalmetamorphosis is discussed.

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Résumé Le comportement de dissolution expérimentalement déterminé de certains minéraux trouvés surtout en filons est exposé en le résumant par diagrammes.La solubilité hydrothermique de fluorine, barytine, célestine et anglésite est comparée pour la courbe limitante (de la région triphasée) et pour les isochores 0,326–0,6 g.cm³ du diagramme température-solubilité avec le comportement de dissolution du quartz et de la muscovite. Les solutions ioniques des systèmes CaF₂H₂O, BaSO₄-H₂O, SrSO₄-H₂O et PbSO₄-H₂O montrent, comparées au SiO₂ dissous en dispersion moléculaire, de différences importantes d'équilibres de saturation en présence d'associés de solution.Cette influence sur la solubilité qui est d'une importance décisive pour les conditions génétiques des gisements de minéraux, a été examinée quantitativement pour les solutions 0,1–0,2—normales de NaCl. La présentation s'est faite isothermiquement dans le diagramme de concentration-solubilité de NaCl entre la température de chambre et le point d'ébullition des phases mixtes aqueuses.Dans les systèmes ternaires BaSO-NaCl-H₂O et SrSO₄-NaCl-H₂O la solubilité hydrothermique de barytine et de célestine en des solutions 2,0-normales de NaCl est présentée également pour l'espace des courbes limitantes de la région triphase et pour les isochores 0,326–0,6 jusqu'à 600° C et 2000 Bar. Elle est comparée avec les courbes de solubilité de systèmes purement aqueux. Le comportement de dissolution divergeant incongruent des silicates d'alumine à structure stratifiée en treillis est démontré pour le systême KAl₂(OH)₂-AlSi₃O₁₀-H₂O par exemple de la muscovite en déterminant expérimentalement les proportions moléculaires non-stochiométriques SiO₂ K₂O et SiO₂Al₂O₃ dans les solutions saturées pour la domaine d'existence hydrothermique de la muscovite.Importance géologique de la connaissance des dates de solubilité hydrothermique et leur application sur les événements des conséquences hydrothermiques-magmatiques et sur les événements de la métamorphose hydrothermique sont discutées.

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y 600° 2000 . (CaF₂), ( SO₄), . (SrSO₄) (PbSO₄) - Sio₂-₂.

     

Daily Weather Observations in Sixteenth-Century Europe

Thirty-two weather diaries written in astronomical calendars in central Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are presented and discussed. Systematic weather observations were promoted by the rise of planetary astronomy and its application in astro-meteorology. The practice of keeping weather diaries spread from Cracow (Poland) to Ingolstadt (Germany) and from there to other universities. The data obtained from these sources provided the backbone for setting up series of precipitation indices for Poland, Germany and Switzerland. Monthly statistics of days with precipitation, snowfall and frost were computed by counting the relevant entries in the most important diaries. The results were compared with either those obtained from instrumental measurements in the same place or with those from modern instrumental measurements in a neighbouring place. The final results show that autumn was considerably colder in the early sixteenth century. April was considerably drier and July was wetter during the period 1508-1531 than during 1901-1960. In order to highlight the impact of weather patterns on grain prices in a year of crisis, the timing of wet and dry spells in southern Poland and southern Germany is compared for the year 1529. Winters became 1.7°C colder from 1564 to 1576 and the month of July tended to be wetter than in 1901-1960. Details noted in the diaries kept between 1585 and 1600 by the astronomers Brahe (near Copenhagen) and Fabricius (in the Ostfriesland region of northwestern Germany) closely agree. It rained more often in June and July and temperatures dropped. The winter months were more frequently dominated by winds from easterly directions, the frequency of snowfall was higher and a deficit occurred in precipitation. This points to a higher frequency of high pressure in the Fennoscandian area with cold air advection from the east or northeast.     

Gonadal histology and serum vitellogenin levels of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus from the Northern Pacific Ocean--absence of endocrine disruption bio-indicators

Endocrine disrupting chemicals such as organochlorines have been detected in a large number of marine fish. Histological observation of the gonads, measurement of serum vitellogenin (VTG) level and of liver polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content were performed to evaluate the reproductive health and the contamination with endocrine disruptors in bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus, collected in the northern Pacific Ocean in 1999 and 2000. Abnormalities commonly found in species affected by endocrine disruptors such as the presence of oocytes in the testis or elevated serum VTG levels were not found in any of males examined. Both males and females had only small amounts of liver PCB content. The results suggest that currently there is little if any risk of organochlorine contamination or endocrine disruption of gonadal function in bigeye tuna from the northern Pacific Ocean. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate the health status of the open sea fishery resources.     

Heat budget of Flakevatn,a subpolar lake

Zusammenfassung Durch Kenntnis von Sommer- und Wintertemperaturen in dem südnorwegischen Gebirgssee Flakevatn (Meeresh?he 1448 m) konnte die Thermik des subpolaren Seetypus charakterisiert werden. Im Sommer herrscht in Flakevatn wiederholte Isothermie bei relativ hohen Temperaturen, im Winter wird der See ganz ausserordentlich abgekühlt (Fig. 1, Tabelle). Die sommerliche W?rmespeicherung betr?gt +5800, die winterliche −22500 cal/cm².      

The design and flight performance of the PoGOLite Pathfinder balloon-borne hard X-ray polarimeter

In the 50 years since the advent of X-ray astronomy there have been many scientific advances due to the development of new experimental techniques for detecting and characterising X-rays. Observations of X-ray polarisation have, however, not undergone a similar development. This is a shortcoming since a plethora of open questions related to the nature of X-ray sources could be resolved through measurements of the linear polarisation of emitted X-rays. The PoGOLite Pathfinder is a balloon-borne hard X-ray polarimeter operating in the 25-240 keV energy band from a stabilised observation platform. Polarisation is determined using coincident energy deposits in a segmented array of plastic scintillators surrounded by a BGO anticoincidence system and a polyethylene neutron shield. The PoGOLite Pathfinder was launched from the SSC Esrange Space Centre in July 2013. A near-circumpolar flight was achieved with a duration of approximately two weeks. The flight performance of the Pathfinder design is discussed for the three Crab observations conducted. The signal-to-background ratio for the observations is shown to be 0.25 ±0.03 and the Minimum Detectable Polarisation (99 % C.L.) is (28.4 ±2.2) %. A strategy for the continuation of the PoGOLite programme is outlined based on experience gained during the 2013 maiden flight.     

Calibration measurements on the DEPFET Detectors for the MIXS instrument on BepiColombo

The Mercury Imaging X-ray Spectrometer (MIXS) will be launched on board of the 5th ESA cornerstone mission BepiColombo. The two channel instrument MIXS is dedicated to the exploration of the elemental composition of the mercurian surface by imaging x-ray spectroscopy of the elemental fluorescence lines. One of the main scientific goals of MIXS is to provide spatially resolved elemental abundance maps of key rock-forming elements. MIXS will be the successor of the XRS instrument, which is currently orbiting Mercury on board of NASAs satellite MESSENGER. MIXS will provide unprecedented spectral and spatial resolution due to its innovative detector and optics concepts. The MIXS target energy band ranges from 0.5 to 7 keV and allows to directly access the Fe-L line at 0.7 keV, which was not accessible to previous missions. In addition, the high spectroscopic resolution of FWHM ≤ 200 eV at the reference energy of 1 keV after one year in Mercury orbit, allows to separate the x-ray fluorescence emission lines of important elements like Mg (1.25 keV) and Al (1.49 keV) without the need for any filter. The detectors for the energy and spatially resolved detection of x-rays for both channels are identical DEPFET (DEpleted P-channel FET) active pixel detectors. We report on the calibration of the MIXS flight and flight spare detector modules at the PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) beamlines at the BESSY II synchrotron radiation facility. Each detector was calibrated at least at 10 discrete energies in the energy range from 0.5 to 10 keV. The excellent spectroscopic performance of all three detector modules was verified.     

Inclined lidar observations of boundary layer aerosol particles above the Kongsfjord,Svalbard

An inclined lidar with vertical resolution of 0.4 m was used for detailed boundary layer studies and to link observations at Zeppelin Mountain (474 m) and Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. We report on the observation of aerosol layers directly above the Kongsfjord. On 29 April 2007, a layer of enhanced backscatter was observed in the lowest 25 m above the open water surface. The low depolarization ratio indicated spherical particles. In the afternoon, this layer disappeared. The ultrafine particle concentration at Zeppelin and Corbel station (close to the Kongsfjord) was low. On 1 May 2007, a drying process in the boundary layer was observed. In the morning, the atmosphere up to Zeppelin Mountain showed enhanced values of the backscatter coefficient. Around noon, the top of the highly reflecting boundary layer decreased from 350 to 250 m. The top of the boundary layer observed by lidar was confirmed by radiosonde data.