A Note on Soil Structure Resistance of Natural Marine Deposits

It has been well documented that natural normally-consolidated marine soils are generally subjected to the effects of soil structure. The interpretation of the resistance of soil structure is an important issue in the theory study and engineering practice of ocean engineering and geotechnical engineering. It is traditionally considered that the resistance of soil structure gradually disappears with increasing stress level when the applied stress is beyond the consolidation yield stress. In this study, however, it is found that this traditional interpretation of the resistance of soil structure can not explain the strength behavior of natural marine deposits with a normally-consolidated stress history A new interpretation of the resistance of soil structure is proposed based on the strength behavior. In the preyield state, the undrained strength of natural marine deposits is composed of two components: one developed by the applied stress and the other developed by the resistance of soil structure. When the applied stress is beyond the consolidation yield stress, the strength behavior is independent of the resistance of soil structure.     

PCDD/F and PCB in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from British Columbia: response to exposure to pulp mill effluents

Blubber of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) sampled from the Strait of Georgia, BC, in 1991 and 1992 contained higher concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) than did samples from Quatsino Sound on western Vancouver Island. The higher proportions of 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzodioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in the Strait of Georgia samples probably reflect contamination arising from the discharge of effluents from bleached kraft mills. Higher concentrations of non-ortho- and mono-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls were also found in the Strait of Georgia samples, probably as a result of general industrial activity in the region. Principal components analysis showed that residues were distributed differently between males and females. Within males, concentrations of PCDD, PCDF and PCBs appeared to increase with age. Toxic equivalents (TEQ) to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in the Quatsino Sd. samples were close to the working guidelines for edible fish used by Health Canada; TEQ calculated for the Strait of Georgia samples exceeded these guidelines by up to a factor of five.     

论西格陵兰依苏阿（Isua）上壳岩带3800Ma超镁铁质变质岩的成因

根据矿物组合,我们在依苏阿地区鉴别出四种超镁铁质岩石类型:(1)橄榄岩(橄榄石+绿泥石+透闪石±镁铁闪石/直闪石+铬磁铁矿±菱镁矿±白云石±黑云母,或橄榄石+斜方辉石+铝铬尖晶石/含铁铬铁矿+透闪石+绿泥石);(2)绿泥片岩(橄榄石+绿泥石+透闪石+镁铁闪石+铬磁铁矿);(3)滑石-菱镁矿片岩(滑石+菱镁矿±叶蛇纹石+磁铁矿);和(4)蛇纹岩(叶蛇纹石+磁铁矿±滑石±菱镁矿)。不含斜方辉石橄榄岩遍布依苏阿岩带,并记录了变质历史的两个阶段:一个阶段是高至600℃(伴随高X_(co_2))的进化变质作用,类似于由泥质和含铁建造组合所推断的温度条件;另一个阶段是接近450℃较低X_(co_2)条件下形成的以滑石-菱镁矿片岩或蛇纹岩为代表的退化变质作用。含斜方辉石的橄榄岩仅见于一处,作为铝质“束斑板岩”状角闪岩中的透镜体产出。这些岩石记录了变质历史的三个发展阶段:即早期的超过650℃的进化变质作用阶段,斜方辉石和尖晶石形成于这个阶段;随后是在大约560℃伴随有退化绿泥石生成的变质重新平衡阶段;进一步则是退化成滑石-菱镁矿组合阶段。保存在这些橄榄岩中的最早期(高温)热事件证据在依苏阿其它岩石类型中尚未发现。根据化学成分,我们区分出了三类橄榄岩:(1)岩石组A,其Ni>Cr、Al_2O_3低(3～5wt％)、SiO_2/(FeO+MgO)>0.4,具有LaN/YbN可达5、小的Eu负异常及变化范围为1～20倍球粒陨石的平滑分馏的REE特征;(2)岩石组B,具Ni>Cr、更低的Al_2O_3(1wt％)、SiO_2/(FeO+MgO)<0.4,轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集、小的负Eu异常以及数值变化在1～3倍球粒陨石的折线式REE型式;和(3)岩石组C(原文是G,可能为笔误!)(束斑板岩状基质含斜方辉石的角闪岩类),其Cr>Ni、Al_2O_3含量较高(6～8wt％),具低REE丰度值(0.2～1倍球粒陨石),轻稀土<<重稀土和显著的负Eu异常特征。 B组橄榄岩的REE模式与太古代某些科马提岩的REE相似,而A组橄榄岩的REE模式与已报道的交代地慢超镁铁质结核的REE模式类似。但是,在A和B组样品中,具最高SiO_2/FmO的样品也具有最高的轻REE及Zr、Hf、U、Th等的浓度。橄榄石和富含不相容痕量元素的硅质组分之间的混合作用可以解释这种变化。这些特征似乎与依苏阿岩石的晚期蚀变无关,但可以代表变质前蛇纹石化/碳酸盐化作用期间交代元素的再分配。我们选择的解释是,A组和B组橄榄岩可能来源于具科马提岩性质的富橄榄石火成堆积岩的变质蛇纹岩。C组橄榄岩更多代表变质的橄榄石-斜方辉石-铬尖晶石火成堆积岩,该堆积岩来自与之伴生的“束斑板岩”状角闪岩的原始岩浆。依苏阿地区超镁铁质岩中没有一种能代表未被改造的早太古代地幔岩。对超镁铁质岩的变质历史和成因的这些对比存在一些问题。如果含斜方辉石橄揽岩是继高温事件后侵位于依苏阿地区,或这种高温事件的证据对于依苏阿地区的其它所有岩石类型来说均已消失了,那么还有什么能使那些与岩石学观察相矛盾的事实得以一致起来呢。值得庆幸的是,我们发现了那些虽然简单但真实地记录了变质作用初期某些区域性变化的证据。在这两种情况中,我们的研究都为依苏阿地区复杂的多期变质演化提供了附加证据。     

Trace metals in fish and invertebrates of three California coastal Wetlands

Metal concentrations were measured in selected fish and invertebrate species from Mugu Lagoon, Malibu Lagoon and Ballona Wetlands in southern California in order to assess the extent of metal contamination in these three wetlands. Ranges of element concentrations (in microgram/g) found in biota were: Zn 12-650; Cu 1.9-440; Ni < 1-37; Cr < 1-55; Pb < 0.5-6.8; As < 1-8.5; Se < 1-3.8; Cd < 0.2-0.90; and Ag < 0.3-5.9. Relative to previous studies of California biota, the highest metal concentrations found were for chromium and nickel. The highest levels were in one of the two bottom-dwelling fish (juvenile Leptocottus armatus) (55 micrograms/g) and the two water-column fish sampled (Fundulus parvipinnis and Atherinops affinis) (30 and 24 micrograms/g). At Ballona Lagoon, elevated levels of copper and silver were found in the bivalve Tagelus californianus (440 and 5.9 micrograms/g). Chromium and nickel appeared to be most persistent in fish from Mugu (4.6-55 and 2.6-37 micrograms/g), the most northern site and an active military base, and Ballona (< 1-30 and < 1-16 micrograms/g), believed to be the most metal-contaminated site. Compared to previously measured metal concentrations in species of California coastal waters, these regions revealed higher levels of chromium, nickel, silver, arsenic, zinc, copper and, to a lesser extent, cadmium and selenium. Chromium and silver were present at high enough levels at all three sites to be considered environmental health hazards.     

用于评价吸湿性播撒云和降水演变的短波偏振雷达技术

引言近年来,借助于有显著改进的遥感及模拟的方法,天气研究和应用已经取得了很大进展。然而,人工影响天气的研究和应用已经到了需要抉择的重要关头。由于在流域范围内重要区域缺少使人信服的降水增加一致性的证据,这个领域或是将变成不再存在,并且当世界淡水危机是如此的严重以致不能不管时,只能等待未来几代人的努力才能解决,或是将实施战略研究,通过采用新技术进入现代主流来寻找保障继续发展的技术。为了更好地证明作为基础的假设并在应用中提供可能的产品,实施战略研究是很有必要的。然而,直到现在,除了孤立的研究计划以外,还没有涉及到…     

An environmental assessment of the Charleston Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site and surrounding areas after partial completion of the Charleston Harbor Deepening Project

A project to deepen shipping and entrance channels in Charleston Harbor was conducted from 1999 to 2002. This generated approximately 22 million cubic yards of sediment for offshore disposal. Assessments of biological and physical conditions in the Charleston Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site and surrounding areas were conducted prior to deepening (1993-94), and partway through the disposal period (2000). Results from the 2000 survey are presented and compared to the baseline survey. The study area was composed of the disposal zone and surrounding areas and divided into 20 one square mile strata. Within each stratum, benthic grab samples were collected from ten random sites for analysis of sediment composition and contaminants and macrobenthic assemblages. No contaminant levels were above effects range low levels. Results revealed that sediments in the western strata had significantly higher silt/clay content in the 2000 survey when compared to baseline sediments, while sediments east of the disposal zone were similar to baseline. Analyses were performed on a subset of the benthic data that compared baseline to 2000 conditions in western and eastern strata. The benthic communities in western strata were altered following disposal operations. The benthic community east of the disposal area was not different from baseline conditions. These alterations in the benthic community were attributed to changes in bottom habitat characteristics rather than pollution effects.     

黑河出山径流过程与气象要素多尺度交叉小波分析

运用交叉小波对黑河上游野牛沟气象站1959-2010年和祁连气象站1957-2010年年降水(AP)与年均气温(AAT)、北极涛动指数(AOI)和莺落峡站(1944-2010年)的年均径流量(AAR)进行了多尺度分析。结果表明:AOI存在3~5 a尺度的显著周期,AAT存在3 a尺度的显著周期,AP存在3 a和4~6 a尺度的显著周期,AAR存在3 a、2.5~4 a和5 a比较显著的周期;黑河上游径流的增加主要是受"暖湿"气候影响;AAR与AOI、AAT呈现出3 a的负相关和3~4 a的近似负相关共振周期,AAR与AP存在2~7 a的显著性的共振周期,降水对径流的影响很大,为径流的主要补给来源;受AOI的影响,AAR在1987年发生3 a周期的"丰-枯"转换,受AAT的影响,AAR在1974年和1996年发生3 a周期的"丰-枯"转换,受AP的影响,AAR在1986年发生3 a周期的"丰-枯"转换。降水和气温是影响径流变化的主导因素。     

Freezing of sediments inappropriate for pore water selenium analysis

The common practice of freezing sediment cores for later chemical investigation was shown to be inappropriate for samples containing selenium. Pore waters from frozen estuarine sediment cores contained up to eighty times the selenium content of those extracted from chilled but unfrozen cores. Experiments suggested that the increase in selenium concentrations resulted from rupturing the cells of selenium-accumulating bacteria present in the samples.     

Continued post-bleaching decline and changed benthic community of a Kenyan coral reef

During the global coral bleaching event of 1997/1998 Kenyan reefs experienced between 50% and 90% coral mortality, with coral cover at Malindi being reduced from 35–45% (pre-bleaching) to 10–20%. Even before this event there was concern that these reefs were being impacted by increased sediment loads from the nearby Sabaki River. Here we report that since 1998 coral cover has declined yet further with, in 2004, means of 5.1% being recorded at North Reef (within the non-fished Malindi Marine National Park) and 2.3% on Leopard Reef (within the fished Marine Reserve). Prior to bleaching 55 coral genera were recorded from the area, currently we find only 23. Meanwhile algal cover, especially the calcareous green alga Halimeda, has increased, and on Leopard Reef is twice that on North Reef. Taken with the evidence of previous studies, these data suggest a combined impact of coral bleaching with sedimentation and fishing.