Curvature derived from LiDAR digital elevation models as simple indicators of debris-flow susceptibility

To mitigate the damage caused by debris flows resulting from heavy precipitation and to aid in evacuation plan preparation, areas at risk should be mapped on a scale appropriate for affected individuals and communities. We tested the effectiveness of simply identifying debris-flow hazards through automated derivation of surface curvatures using LiDAR digital elevation models. We achieved useful correspondence between plan curvatures and areas of existing debris-flow damage in two localities in Japan using the analysis of digital elevation models(DEMs). We found that plan curvatures derived from 10 m DEMs may be useful to indicate areas that are susceptible to debris flow in mountainous areas. In residential areas located on gentle sloping debris flow fans, the greatest damage to houses was found to be located in the elongated depressions that are connected to mountain stream valleys. Plan curvaturederived from 5 m DEM was the most sensitive indicators for susceptibility to debris flows.     

Chemical composition and physical properties of lithium-iron micas from the Krušné hory Mts. (Erzgebirge)

Compositions of natural lithium-iron micas are approximated best by the sidero-phyllite-polylithionite join. These micas contain little or no magnesium and manganese. Their octahedral sheets contain close to two trivalent cations (mainly aluminum) in small crystallographic sites and a variable quantity of lithium and R⁺² (mainly iron) in large sites. Octahedral vacancies are situated mostly in large sites. Lithium and R⁺² approach a 44 replacement relationship in micas with octahedral occupancy close to six. Lithium and fluorine show a good positive correlation (small excess of fluorine over lithium), which indicates a crystallochemical association between them. There is a less distinct positive correlation between lithium and R⁺⁴.Based on simplifications, a calculation shows that about two-thirds of octahedral vacancies are caused by substitutions within the octahedral sheet, one-third, by tetrahedral substitutions. Different methods of calculating the crystallochemical formula yield slightly different numbers of octahedral vacancies, but do not affect the mica's position in plots of physical parameters against composition. If a crystallochemical formula is calculated from analysis of a mica contaminated with quartz, topaz, or feldspar, the apparent number of octahedral vacancies increases; such a formula exhibits unusual behavior in composition plots.     

Estimation and validation of atmospheric water vapor content using a MODIS NIR band ratio technique based on AIRS water vapor products

Atmospheric water vapor validation needs simultaneous, well-defined, and independent information which are not easily available causing limitations in the development of remote sensing water vapor retrieval algorithms. This study is concerned with the retrieval of total atmospheric water vapor content and its validation. A band ratio method has been used to estimate the water vapor content based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Near InfraRed (NIR) data. The method uses MODIS bands 17, 18, and 19 as NIR bands and band 2 to remove the land cover reflectance. Furthermore, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) has been used for both algorithm development and analysis of the results. The method has been modified to take into account the dry condition of the central parts of Iran. Using some various datasets, the method is implemented and evaluated quantitatively. The validation of the water vapor estimates has been undertaken by an analysis of AIRS data. The validation results shows error as low as 9 % for the estimated water vapor using the MODIS NIR band ratio method.     

渤海西岸暴雨中尺度对流系统的结构及成因

利用卫星、雷达和加密自动站等监测资料,结合VDRAS系统资料和1°×1° NCEP再分析资料,对造成黑昼和暴雨的中尺度对流系统的空间、热动力结构特征和发生、发展及维持原因进行了分析。结果表明:2004—2009年渤海西岸圆形α-中尺度对流系统有别于南方,其中只有16%可发展为中尺度复合体;黑昼现象是影响系统的特殊性所致。突发性暴雨的制造者是α-中尺度对流系统西端不断新生的β-中尺度对流系统,其发生、发展、维持与边界层内冷池外流、对流层低层 (1.3~2.4 km) 侵入的西北气流与西南气流形成的辐合线或交汇线有密切关系。α-中尺度对流系统的上升速度中心在500 hPa附近,多个β-中尺度对流系统分别具有独自的垂直气流和弱边界层环流。α-中尺度对流系统内部扰动温度呈下负上正的垂直分布,促使了不稳定层结趋于稳定;冷池呈东厚西薄的楔形结构,有利于β-中尺度对流系统发展维持。     

Hg concentrations and accumulations in fungal fruiting bodies, as influenced by forest soil substrates and moss carpets

This article summarizes trends in total Hg concentrations (THg) in fungal fruiting bodies (basidiomata) and their underlying soil substrates in the absence and presence of surrounding moss layers. Three forest locations across south-western New Brunswick spanning from a central mainland location to Grand Manan Island in the Bay of Fundy were chosen for the study. Geographic location had an effect on THg in the soil layers and in the basidiomata (THg on island > THg along the mainland coast > THg mainland) but this effect was weak and probably obscured by the large THg variations within the basidiomata and their soil and moss substrates at each location. Within the soil, THg increased with increasing total organic S (TS) and C (TC) concentrations, and depended on type of moss cover if present. Within the mosses, THg varied by species, by moss-internal TS, and by THg and TS within the underlying soil. Basidiomatal THg also varied strongly by species, and was further affected by: (i) developmental stage, from emergence to senescence, (ii) cap versus stalk, (iii) basidiomatal TS, and (iv) soil THg, TS and TC. These variations and their interdependencies were explored and quantified by way of multiple regression analyses. Basidiomatal bioconcentration of soil THg (F layer) varied strongly by species as well. Basidiomatal Hg extraction from the soil was estimated to be small in terms of reducing the accumulated Hg loads within the soil, but represents a re-entry point of Hg into the local food chain.     

一种高效的城市部件普查方法

数字化城市管理是经济建设及信息化发展的迫切需求,城市部件普查是将物化的城市管理对象转化成数字化的管理信息,是数字化城市管理的基础。以威海市城市部件普查项目为例,通过分析城市部件的普查需求,采用GPS-RTK测量与移动设备调绘相结合的数据采集方法,以及"粗确权"、"分类别"、"分区域"的部件属性信息调查方法,构建相应的城市部件普查技术体系。基于该体系进行图形数据与属性信息的城管数据库搭建,构建一种高效城市部件普查技术方法。     

SVD分析揭示的澳大利亚高压年际变化对中国夏季降水的可能影响

澳大利亚高压是东亚夏季风系统的重要成员之一,其对中国夏季气候存在显著影响.为了进一步弄清年际时间尺度上的澳大利亚高压变化对中国东部夏季降水的影响,利用澳大利哑海平面气压和中国夏季降水站点资料,使用SVD和线性回归方法揭示了澳大利亚高压的年际变化与中国夏季降水异常的联系,得到:SVD的第1模态的时间系数与通常使用的澳大利亚高压指数相关可达到0.98.在有无考虑ENSO的影响时,SVD的第1模态均反映出澳大利亚高压的年际变化与中国江南地区夏季降水存在密切联系,也即澳大利亚高压增强(减弱)时,江南地区降水增多(减少).澳大利亚高压对中国夏季降水的可能影响途径为:澳大利哑高压通过影响赤道纬向气流和越赤道气流并通过类似PJ波列的方式影响到中国东部地区:澳大利亚高压增强时,造成西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏西,同时,105°E处越赤道气流显著加强,为江南地区提供充足水汽源,利于中国江南地区降水;澳大利亚高压减弱时,情况相反;在强(弱)澳大利哑高压年,印度尼西亚及热带辐合带海区SSTA负(正)异常使得低层风场的异常辐散(辐合),激发了澳大利哑南部以及西太平洋地区异常反气旋(气旋)环流,同时江南地区出现异常辐合(辐散),引起大气异常上升(下沉)运动,有利于中国江南地区夏季降水异常偏多(偏少).     

Estimation of improved resolution soil moisture in vegetated areas using passive AMSR-E data

Microwave remote sensing provides a unique capability for soil parameter retrievals. Therefore, various soil parameters estimation models have been developed using brightness temperature (BT) measured by passive microwave sensors. Due to the low resolution of satellite microwave radiometer data, the main goal of this study is to develop a downscaling approach to improve the spatial resolution of soil moisture estimates with the use of higher resolution visible/infrared sensor data. Accordingly, after the soil parameters have been obtained using Simultaneous Land Parameters Retrieval Model algorithm, the downscaling method has been applied to the soil moisture estimations that have been validated against in situ soil moisture data. Advance Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS BT data in Soil Moisture Experiment 2003 region in the south and north of Oklahoma have been used to this end. Results illustrated that the soil moisture variability is effectively captured at 5 km spatial scales without a significant degradation of the accuracy.     

江西省一次短历时暖区暴雨中尺度结构及发生维持机制分析

利用地面和高空、卫星TBB、多普勒雷达和GFS(0.5°×0.5°)逐6 h再分析等资料,对2011年6月10日江西省西北部一次短历时暖区暴雨中尺度结构及发生维持机制进行分析。结果表明:1)此次过程是在有利的高、低空系统配置下发生在梅雨锋南侧的暖区暴雨,边界层急流和低空急流提供了充足的水汽条件,增强低层热力不稳定;高空分流区使大气动力不稳定发展,高低空急流的耦合作用为MCS维持提供了必备的不稳定机制;中低层热力不稳定,中高层对称不稳定,形成此次对流性强降水。2)地面中尺度辐合线、非锋性斜压带、能量锋的抬升作用为MCS生成和发展提够了启动机制。3)低层强盛的水汽输送、层结不稳定和地面持续而强的中尺度抬升使得多个雷暴单体在江西省西北部连续传播,形成"列车效应",降水强而集中。4)在水汽和不稳定条件具备的情况下,暖区对流性强降水发生在强低层辐合与强高层辐散相重迭的区域。