围栏引起的有蹄类动物死亡及其对未来祁连山国家公园管理的启示

围栏是牧区畜牧业的重要组成部分。但是,这些围栏也给野生动物带来了很多负面影响,会制约它们的活动范围,妨碍其种群扩散甚至会直接导致死亡。甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区未来将成为祁连山国家公园的重要组成部分,本文对该区内围栏的现状及其所产生的影响进行了评估。我们通过70份调查问卷,了解了当地牧民对围栏的看法、围栏对野生有蹄类动物的威胁以及观察到的被围栏缠绕的野生动物的数量。我们发现,如果当地居民发现用于管理牲畜的围栏会伤害到野生动物,他们更可能意识到围栏带来的负面影响,那些认为围栏对野生动物有害的人更有可能支持拆除围栏。然而,对于需要雇用他人来照看家畜的牧民,支持围栏拆除的可能性较小。最佳模型只解释了部分数据差异,这表明虽然对围栏威胁的认识很重要,但其他因素可能也会影响牧民对围栏拆除的支持度。因此,为了能在新的国家公园内成功开展围栏拆除工作,有必要强化社区服务和社区合作,以减少围栏拆除对牲畜管理的影响。调查发现,当地牧民在围栏上发现过死亡的藏野驴、盘羊和藏原羚,其中发现藏野驴的次数明显多于其他两个物种。这一结果表明,前述三个物种可能更容易被围栏缠绕,未来需要加强相关研究,这将有助于推动围栏拆除计划的实施。     

云南南滚河自然保护区大中型陆生哺乳动物初步调查

During surveys for wild felids in Nangunhe Nature Reserve, Yunnan province, China, we conducted a wider mammal survey of the core nature reserve area, using camera trapping techniques. Forty motion-triggered digital camera traps had been set in oldest forest tract of protected area to conduct a species inventory. The total camera trapping effort of 2460 camera trap nights yielded 232 digital photographs of mammals represented by 17 species in five orders. The species photographed include rare and elusive species and those that are of high conservation value, such as IUCN endangered species Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus), and Phayre’s leaf monkey (Trachypit hecus phayrei). In addition, IUCN vulnerable species including Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), sambar (Rusa unicolor), northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonine), and marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), and more common species were found. All mammals were also listed as key protected wild animals by the State Forestry Administration of China. Of particular importance were the carnivores, with 7 different species recorded. Ungulates and other taxa forming a prey base for these predators,such as rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac), sambar, wild boar (Sus scrofa), and Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii), were found to be the most frequently photographed and most widespread species. Opportunities for local people to develop standardized monitoring designs for targeted species were identified by these initial assessment results. Local nature reserve staff lacked technical ability to produce standardized survey designs, yet a by product of this type of non-standardized data collection can be very informative and produce inventory information that gives a species richness analysis, as well as initial estimates for occupancy and detection probability for abundant species to drive future standardized survey designs and efforts.     

祁连山地区当地居民对雪豹(Panthera uncia)野生猎物物种的态度及其影响因素（英文）

作为全球生态环境保护问题之一的人兽冲突(HWC)正受到越来越多的关注。了解人兽冲突产生的原因对于预防和缓解人兽冲突十分重要。在中国的许多地区,大量的人口和当地的经济发展加剧了当地居民与捕食动物以及猎物之间的冲突。本研究通过对甘肃省祁连山国家级自然保护区内8个村庄46户当地牧民的访谈,调查评估了祁连山地区当地居民对岩羊(Pseudaois nayaur,Hodgson,1833)、白唇鹿(Carvus albirostris,Przewalski,1883)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus,Linnaeus,1758)和喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana Hodgson,1841)的态度。我们调查了当地基于草原畜牧业的三种生态修复政策(禁牧、可持续放牧和种草)对当地居民的影响,研究了这些政策对当地居民对野生动物态度产生的影响。结果表明,整体上当地牧民对野生动物持中性态度,但对岩羊表现出消极态度。混合效应线性模型的结果表明,不同村庄的牧民对特定物种的态度不同,社会经济因素不能很好地解释这一结果。此外,我们发现,尽管有时当地居民对一些政策的实施持消极看法,禁牧和其它政策的实施和当地牧民对野生动物的积极态度依然呈正相关。这一发现表明,我们通常认识的威胁野生动物生存的因素与实际的威胁因素之间存在潜在偏差。同时,我们发现当地居民报道的家畜死亡主要是可预防性疾病造成的,因此,对当地流行性疫源疫病的防控可能会对当地居民的野生动物态度产生积极影响。     

人与保护区：理解态度差异 提高保护成效

When the attitudes of local people towards wildlife and conservation are not aligned with those of other stakeholders, significant conflicts can result, potentially undermining conservation efforts. We collected attitudinal data from 171 local people and 59 governmental staff from a Nature Reserve in southwestern China. These attitudinal questions covered key topics of ecosystem services, protected areas and human-wildlife coexistence. Statistically significant (p<0.05) similarities of responses between local people and staff were identified and the nature of any disparity was investigated. The majority of attitudes relating to protected areas (60%) and coexistence (100%) were statistically similar between the two groups, unlike 25% of responses relating to ecosystem services. Few characteristics of staff were statistically associated with their attitudes, whereas responses from local people were frequently associated with sub-village. Such attitudinal studies inform recommendations that consider the potential for future conflicts that might persist following attitudinal disparity between two key stakeholders.     

基于红外相机数据的甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区鸟兽生物多样性评估（英文）

红外相机在物种多样性监测中有着重要的应用。我们于2015年11月至2016年6月间,在盐池湾自然保护区雪豹(Panthera uncia)栖息地约400km2的范围内系统性地布置了62台自动红外相机,以期了解该地区的野生动物资源现状,估测该地区的鸟兽物种总丰富度,评估红外相机在该地区鸟兽调查监测中的应用效果,并对关键物种的栖息地利用及种间相互作用进行探究。调查共回收红外相机57台,累积相机工作日10171天,拍摄到野生动物有效独立事件2868次。记录到至少17种哺乳动物,分属5目11科,记录到20种鸟类,分属4目7科,其中豺(Cuon alpinus)为IUCN濒危物种,雪豹和白唇鹿(Cervus albirostris)为易危物种,兔狲(Felis manul)、香鼬(Mustela altaica)、高山兀鹫(Gyps himalayensis)和秃鹫(Aegypius monachus)为近危物种。使用Chao2和基于出现率的盖度估计(incidence-based coverage estimate,ICE)两个统计量进行物种总丰富度的非参数估计,并做物种稀疏曲线,对取样强度进行评估。结果表明红外相机对兽类和雉类物种的取样较为充分,而对鸟类的取样还不完全。使用占有率模型(occupancy modelling)对欧亚猞猁(Lynx lynx)及其潜在猎物物种的栖息地利用与种间相互作用进行分析。表明调查范围内,欧亚猞猁对栖息地的利用与海拔因素无关;高原兔(Lepus oiostolus)和高原山鹑(Perdix hodgsoniae)在栖息地利用上倾向于与欧亚猞猁相回避,而鼠兔(Ochotona spp.)对栖息地的利用则与欧亚猞猁相独立。