MODELING THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AN UNSTEADY RIVER-ESTUARINE SYSTEM

1 INTRODUCTION Extensive literature (Brown et al., 1985; Sawhney et al., 1981; Bierman and Swain, 1982; Connolly, 1980; Lopez-Avila and Hites, 1980; O扖onnor, 1988) described lots of sorbed pollutants or toxic substances in bed sediments of rivers, even after the effluent was halted for a long time. This is particularly true for hydrophobic organic compounds that can be sorbed on the particles and accumulated in the river bed sediments (Karickhoff et al., 1979). Pollution events of…     

1954年2月11日甘肃省山丹县的地震

緒言 1954年2月11日地方时間8时80分山丹（北緯38°47′东經101°13′）地震。震中在城东北龙首山中。倒塌房屋3,804間,窑59孔,損坏房屋3,473間,压死47人,伤332人。地方政府及企業单位当即分別組队前往調查。三月間,中国科学院地球物理研究所及地質研究所在地方政府领导下,由一些企業单位的工作人員配合,进行了宏观     

10-12月低纬度东南亚和西太平洋上空流场特征

根据1958—1959年资料,初冬西太平洋低纬度流场可分为两种流型,即浅薄副热带高压型与深厚副热带高压型。前者在高纬度为低西风指数型,副热带急流的配置与平均情况一致在近赤道地区对流层下层有不剧烈发展的东风波。后者在高纬为高西风指数型,副热带急流的配置与平均情况反位相,近赤道地区对流层下层有赤道西风,在赤道辐合带上井有台风发生,两者间有一个月上下的准周期变化。     

汶川地震断裂作用研究新认识

2008年汶川地震后,人们不得不思考问题是:大地震是如何发生的?下一次大地震什么时候发生?也就是涉及地质学家和地球物理学家一直未解决的科学问题:断层是如何破裂的?震后断裂是如何愈合的?我们试图通过对汶川地震断裂带结构、断裂摩擦行为和断裂愈合过程的研究来回答这些问题。本文将介绍通过对地表露头和汶川地震断裂科学钻探一号孔(WFSD)岩心中汶川地震主滑移带的详细研究,以及钻孔中长期温度监测来分析有关汶川地震断裂动态弱化和摩擦行为,并结合钻孔中长期水文监测计算所得断裂带渗透率变化,分析震后断裂愈合过程,进而探讨和认识汶川地震断裂作用所涉及的上述问题。经过详细研究,确定了汶川地震断裂带(映秀—北川断裂带)宽105~240 m、具有五个不同断裂岩组合的内部结构,是一条经常发生大地震、具多种弱化机制的断裂带;发现了汶川地震不仅具有同震石墨化作用,而且测量到目前世界上最低的动态摩擦系数(≤0.02),同时首次记录到大地震后断裂快速愈合信息。这些研究结果不仅直接回答了一直困扰在地震地质和地震物理学领域几十年的关键问题,而且对完善地震断裂理论和认识汶川地震机制具有极其重要的意义,为防震减灾提供了理论依据。     

GPS掩星观测的发展及其在气象业务中的应用现状

GPS无线电掩星探测技术已经发展成为一种强有力的、相对经济的观测全球大气的方法.多年对GPS/MET概念卫星、CHAMP和SAC-C等GPS掩星观测的研究表明,GPS掩星观测资料与其他卫星资料相比具有很高的观测精度和垂直分辨率等优点,并且GPS掩星观测不受天气状况的影响,因此对其在天气预报及气候的应用有独特的优势.GP...     

On a New Form of Fusulinid

正 Of the taxonomic characteristics of Fusulinidae it is the septa of thefusulinid that are highly specialized.The septal folding is quite uniformand regular and the intensity of the septal folding from the top to the bottommargins of the septa and from poles to the median portion of the test isequal     

Laboratory Observations on Internal Solitary Wave Evolution over A Submarine Ridge

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a wave flume on internal solitary wave （ISW） of depression and elevation types propagating over a submarine ridge in semicircular/triangular shape. Tests were arranged in series for combinations of submarine ridges of different heights and ISW of different amplitudes. The resuhant wave motions were found differing from thee of surface gravity waves. In deeper water, where an ISW of depression-type prevailed, the process of wave breaking displayed downward motion with continuous eddy on the front face of the ridge followed by upward motion towards the apex of the obstacle. Experimental results also suggested that blockage parameter ξ could be applied to classify various degrees of ISW-ridge interaction, i.e., ξ 〈 0.5 for weak interaction, 0.5 〈 ξ 〈 0.7 for moderate interaction, and 0.7 〈 ξ for wave breaking.     

一次降水天气过程的GPS掩星资料在GSI同化系统中的应用

为了探索全球定位卫星观测系统无线电掩星技术(Global Positioning System/Radio Occulta-tion,简称GPSRO)在业务数值预报模式中的应用效果,以美国NCEP(National Centers for Environ-mental Prediction)业务同化系统为平台,对有/无COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteor-ology,Ionosphere and Climate)GPS无线电掩星观测资料进行了一次降水过程的详细的同化对比试验。试验中GPSRO观测算子主要采用了相对简单但计算省时的局地(Local)同化技术。该个例试验表明:COSMICGPS掩星观测对分析影响较大的地区是常规观测资料较稀缺地区(如洋面),因此在这些地区GPSRO资料可以被看作是对常规观测很好的补充。同时还注意到COSMIC GPS RO资料在对流层下层对湿度场分析和预报的影响显著,在对流层中上层对风场分析也产生正面影响。这证实GPS RO资料在业务数值天气预报中应用的有效性,为我国数值预报未来开展业务GPS掩星观测资料同化提供了有益的科学参考依据。     

An Economical Approach to Four-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation

Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVar) is one of the most promising methods to provide optimal analysis for numerical weather prediction (NWP). Five national NWP centers in the world have successfully applied 4DVar methods in their global NWPs, thanks to the increment method and adjoint technique. However, the application of 4DVar is still limited by the computer resources available at many NWP centers and research institutes. It is essential, therefore, to further reduce the computational cost of 4DVar. Here, an economical approach to implement 4DVar is proposed, using the technique of dimension-reduced projection (DRP), which is called ``DRP-4DVar." The proposed approach is based on dimension reduction using an ensemble of historical samples to define a subspace. It directly obtains an optimal solution in the reduced space by fitting observations with historical time series generated by the model to form consistent forecast states, and therefore does not require implementation of the adjoint of tangent linear approximation. To evaluate the performance of the DRP-4DVar on assimilating different types of mesoscale observations, some observing system simulation experiments are conducted using MM5 and a comparison is made between adjoint-based 4DVar and DRP-4DVar using a 6-hour assimilation window.     

1556年1月23日关中大地震

一、引言 1556年1月23日关中大地震是我国历史上最大的地震之一,震中区在渭河下游的渭南、华县、华阴、潼关和山西的蒲州一带,波及陕西、甘肃、山西、河南、河北、山东和湖北等省。据明实录记载,这次地震“压死官吏军民奏报有名者八十二万有奇”。虽然