鼎湖山常绿针阔叶混交林CO2通量估算

鼎湖山通量站是中国通量网络(ChinaFLUX)中4个森林站之一,采用开路涡度相关方法,对南亚热带常绿针阔叶混交林进行生态系统尺度的CO₂通量长期定位观测．利用2003,2004年2整年观测资料,分析该生态系统CO₂通量时间变化特征及其受环境因子的制约关系．通过坐标转换、WPL订正和质量控制后,发现本通量站存在明显的夜间泄漏问题,因此采用Michaelis- Menten模型,利用白天(PAR>1．0μmol^-1 Photons·m^-2·s^-1)湍流充分条件-F(u*>0．2 m·s^-1)的通量资料,逐月拟合净生态系统CO₂交换NEE对光合有效辐射PAR的响应,利用拟合Michaelis-Menten方程得到的生态系统呼吸Reco,建立R_eco与5 cm土壤温度的指数关系,借此反演夜间呼吸．主要结论包括:(i)逐月拟合的光能利用效率a平均为0．0027(±0．0011)mgCO₂·μmol^-1 Photons,最大光合速率A_max平均为1．102(±0．288)mgCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,a与A_max季节性变化规律均不明显,表明林内旱季没有明显的缺水和低温胁迫存在,这与南亚热带常绿混交林叶面积指数(LAI)季节性变化较小的特点是一致的．（ii）生态系统呼吸月总量平均为95.3（±21．1）gC·mm^-2month^-1，约占生态系统总初级生产力GPP的68％．NEE月总量平均为-43．2（±29．6）gC·m^-2·month^-1，大部分月份NEE为负号，表明该生态系统全年均具有较强的碳汇功能．估算得到2003，2004年NEE总量分别为-563，-441．2gC·m^-2·a^-1，占GPP的32％．     

温度对中国典型森林生态系统碳通量季节动态及其年际变异的影响

森林生态系统的碳收支及其对环境因子的响应规律一直是生态系统生态学研究的重要内容,而碳收支的年际变异规律反映了生态系统的稳定性特征。基于长白山温带针阔混交林、千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林和鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林2003~2008年的通量观测数据,对比分析了3个生态系统碳通量的季节动态、季节动态的年际变异及温度对上述二者的影响规律。结果表明,长白山的总生态系统生产力(GEP)和生态系统呼吸(RE)都呈现单峰曲线的季节动态模式,最高时8天GEP总和可达85g C/m~2,8天总RE能达到66g C/m~2,二者均高于千烟洲和鼎湖山,而千烟洲和鼎湖山的GEP和RE在不同的时间起伏较大;净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)的季节动态模式3个生态系统各不相同。在碳通量的3个分量中,GEP和RE的季节动态的相对年际变异较小,而NEE的相对年际变异较大,表明GEP和RE在年际之间更稳定。3个生态系统的GEP和RE与温度之间均存在显著的指数相关关系,但NEE与温度之间的相关性较弱。在温度较高的时段,通常GEP,RE和NEE的绝对年际变异也较高,相对年际变异较低,整个生态系统表现为更加稳定;但GEP和RE的年际变异与温度的年际变异之间相关性较弱,说明除温度外,还有其他环境因子的年际变异对GEP和RE的年际变异产生重要影响。     

Seismic Damage Characteristics of the Wenchuan Great Earthquake on May 12,2008 and Suggestions for Disaster Prevention

The paper introduces the tectonic background,focal mechanism and distribution of aftershock of the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12,2008. The earthquake is considered to be the result of long-term interaction between the eastward movement of the Bayan Har Block and the Sichuan Basin. Most of the earthquake energy was released in an area (the seismic source body) 330km long,52km wide and 20km deep over 100s. Energy release in the source body was extremely uneven,and strong ground motion in the epicenter area shows obvious asymmetrical character in the time and space scale. The high-intensity area is distributed along the source body,and the intensity distribution bears an obvious anomalous characteristic. The investigation results indicate that more than 90 percent of casualties caused by this earthquake were in the areas of intensity IX or above. Houses,schools and hospitals etc. suffered serious damage. Lifelines such as transportation,water conservation etc. also suffered significant damage. Besides,earthquake-triggered avalanches,landslides,mud-rock flows and so on were extremely serious. The tremendous earthquake disaster highlighted the deficiencies in disaster prevention and mitigation management,scientific earthquake research,technology and application of earthquake disaster prevention,and publicity of earthquake preparedness and disaster reduction.     

Study on the Characteristics of Seismic Activity in the Interior of the Ordos Block

The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of earthquakes in the Ordos block are studied by using historical earthquake data,instrument data of the regional seismic network around the Ordos block and the historical felt earthquake data,and the relationship between seismicity in the Ordos block and seismicity around the Ordos block is discussed. The result shows that the Ordos block is a typical moderate-strong earthquake active region where many M_S≥5.0 destructive earthquakes have occurred. The temporal and spatial distribution of earthquakes in the Ordos block is asymmetrical. The temporal distribution of earthquakes shows a periodic characteristic and the activity of earthquakes in the southeastern Ordos block is higher than in the northwest Ordos block. The M_S≥5.0 moderate size earthquakes in the Ordos block are controlled by the M_S≥6.0 earthquake around the Ordos block.     

Tectonic Features of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake and Its Aftershocks

The M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault zone. Based on field investigation of the surface rupture and focal mechanism study of the aftershocks, we discuss the geological relationship of the main, secondary and triggered ruptures. The main rupture is about 200km long and can be divided into the south part and the north part. The south part consists of two parallel fault zones characterized by reverse faulting, with several parallel secondary ruptures on the hanging wall of the main fault, and the north part is a single main fault zone characterized by lateral strike-slip and reverse faulting. Compared to a 300km long aftershock distribution, the surface rupture only occupies 200km, and the remaining 100km on the northeast of the main rupture was triggered by aftershocks. Study on the ruptures of this earthquake will be useful for studying the earthquake risk evolution on the Longmenshan fault system.     

南亚热带森林土壤CO_2排放的季节动态及其对环境变化的响应

应用静态箱／气象色谱法对南亚热带3种森林土壤地表CO2排放通量的季节动态及其对环境变化的响应规律进行了2年的连续观测,结果表明:季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松针叶林(S L)CO2年排放总量分别为3942．2,3422．36和2163．02 gCO2．m-2·a-1,并且3种林分具有相同的季节性变化特征,排放高峰均出现在6～8月,这期间的土壤CO2排放量占全年排放总量的35．9％,38．1％和40．2％:不同森林土壤CO2排放过程对环境变化的响应有明显差异,具体体现在针叶林(PF)对温度变化的响应较阔叶林(BF)和混交林(MF)敏感,Q10值较大,而且CO2排放通量的季节变化幅度较大,表明结构单一的森林生态系统抗干扰能力较差;3种森林土壤CO2排放通量与土壤温度(Ts)、土壤含水量(Ms)和空气压力(Pa)均呈显著相关;但多元回归分析表明,空气压力对森林土壤CO2排放通量的影响并不显著;基于经验模型,以土壤5 cm处温度和土壤含水量两个指标可以分别说明阔叶林、混交林和针叶林土壤CO2排放通量变异的75．7％,77．8％和86．5％,该模型可以较好地描述受水分胁迫的土壤或干旱或半干旱土壤CO2的排放过程．     

南亚热带森林土壤CO2排放的季节动态及其对环境变化的响应

应用静态箱／气象色谱法对南亚热带3种森林土壤地表CO₂排放通量的季节动态及其对环境变化的响应规律进行了2年的连续观测,结果表明:季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松针叶林(S+L)CO₂年排放总量分别为3942．2,3422．36和2163．02 gCO₂．m^-2·a^-1,并且3种林分具有相同的季节性变化特征,排放高峰均出现在6～8月,这期间的土壤CO₂排放量占全年排放总量的35．9％,38．1％和40．2％:不同森林土壤CO₂排放过程对环境变化的响应有明显差异,具体体现在针叶林(PF)对温度变化的响应较阔叶林(BF)和混交林(MF)敏感,Q10值较大,而且CO₂排放通量的季节变化幅度较大,表明结构单一的森林生态系统抗干扰能力较差;3种森林土壤CO₂排放通量与土壤温度(Ts)、土壤含水量(Ms)和空气压力(Pa)均呈显著相关;但多元回归分析表明,空气压力对森林土壤CO₂排放通量的影响并不显著;基于经验模型,以土壤5 cm处温度和土壤含水量两个指标可以分别说明阔叶林、混交林和针叶林土壤CO₂排放通量变异的75．7％,77．8％和86．5％,该模型可以较好地描述受水分胁迫的土壤或干旱或半干旱土壤CO₂的排放过程．     

Using Grey System Theory for Earthquake Forecast

By combining conventional grey correlation analysis,grey clustering method and grey forecasting methods with our multi-goal forecast thoughts and the techniques of grey time series processing,we develop six different grey earthquake forecast models in this paper,Using the record of major earthquakes in Japan from 1872 to 1995,we forecast future earthquakes in Japan.We develop an earthquake forecast model.By using the major earthquakes in Japan from 1872 to 1984,we forecast earthquakes from 1985 to 1995 and check the precision of the grey earthquake models.We find that the grey system theory can be applied to earthquake forecast.We introduce the above analysis methods and give a real example to evaluate and forecast.We also further discuss the problems of how to improve the precision of earthquake forecast and how to strengthen the forecast models in future research.     

Crust Shortening of the Daliangshan Tectonic Zone in the Cenozoic Era and Its Implications

The Daliangshan tectonic zone is a rhombic area to the east of the Anninghe and Zemuhe fault zones in the middle segment of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system along the southeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Since the Cenozoic era, the neotectonic deformation in the Daliangshan tectonic zone has presented not only sinistral slip and reverse faulting along the Daliangshan fault zone, but also proximate SN-trending crust shortening. It is estimated that the average crust shortening in the Daliangshan tectonic zone is 10.9±1.6 km, with a shortening rate of 17.8±2.2% using the method of balanced cross-sections. The crust shortening from folding occurred mainly in the Miocene and the Pliocene periods, lasting no more than 8.6 Ma. Based on this, a crust shortening velocity of 1.3±0.2 mm/a can be estimated. Compared with the left offset along the Daliangshan fault zone, it is recognized that crust shortening by folding plays an important part in transferring crustal deformation southeastward along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system.     

Tectonics and Seismicity of the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Region

The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon region is located in the frontal zone of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, where neo-tectonics and seismicity are intensive and closely related to each other. In the region, two sets of fault structures have developed, striking NNE-NE and NWW-NW, respectively. Investigation shows that they differ markedly in terms of scope, property, active times and intensity. The NWW-NW trending faults are large in size, and most are thrust and thrust strike-slip faults, formed in earlier times. The NEE-NE-strike faults are relatively small in size individually, with concentrated distribution, constituting the NNE-trending shear extensional fault zone, which is relatively younger with evident late Quaternary activities. Strong earthquakes occur mainly in the areas or zones of intensive differential movement of the Himalayas, e.g. along the deep and large fault zones around the crustal blocks. Most earthquakes of M≥7.0 are closely related to tectonics, where large-scale Holocene active faults are distributed with complicated fault geometry, or the faults of multiple directions intersect. Among them, earthquakes of M≥7.5 have occurred on the NW and NE-trending faults with a greater strike-slip component in the fault tectonic zones.