从宽角地震数据得出的特提斯喜马拉雅南部的速度结构

作为ＩＮＤＥＰＴＨ计划的第一阶段，完成了一条跨过特提斯喜马拉雅南缘的深地震共中点（ＣＭＰ）剖面，它绘制出俯冲到喜马拉雅之下的印度大陆地壳的顶部（主喜马拉雅道冲或ＭＨＴ）和底部（莫霍层）轮廓。我们用移动式地震仪记录了ＣＭＰ剖面的爆炸，偏移距最大达１５５ｋｍ。短偏移距数据证实了ＣＭＰ剖面的数据，而我们的大偏移距数据则以强反射带为主。我们将这一反射带的强的初始相位解释为藏南滑脱系（ＳＴＤ），而其最后一个相位则为ＭＨＴ的反映。我们用ＣＭＰ剖面的初动数据去详细地模拟最上部２ｋｍ的结构。亚东裂谷系中年青的伸展盆地的深度约束在２ｋｍ，给出了裂谷东侧的断距为４．６ｋｍ，在特提斯喜马拉雅内的正断层，Ｅ－Ｗ向伸展１．５％。宽角数据用于建立地表到ＭＨＴ的地震波速度模型。ＳＴＤ反射体北倾１３°，从约６ｋｍ深（在ＣＭＰ剖面南端之下）到２２ｋｍ深，然后变平，倾角减至５°。这样，我们的观测提出ＳＴＤ是一个深的基底断裂，对ＭＨＴ，我们观测到倾角为７５°，ＮＮＥ倾，从高喜马拉雅山脊下的－２０ｋｍ海拔到雅鲁藏布江缝合带南约７０ｋｍ处的－３６ｋｍ海拔（地表下４０ｋｍ）。我们提出印度地壳可能俯冲到缝合带地表之下，却不可能是整体俯冲。     

Semi-automated bathymetric spectral decomposition delineates the impact of mass wasting on the morphological evolution of the continental slope,offshore Israel

Understanding continental-slope morphological evolution is essential for predicting basin deposition. However, separating the imprints and chronology of different seafloor shaping processes is difficult. This study explores the utility of bathymetric spectral decomposition for separating and characterizing the variety of interleaved seafloor imprints of mass wasting, and clarifying their role in the morphological evolution of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea passive-margin slope. Bathymetric spectral decomposition, integrated with interpretation of seismic profiles, highlights the long-term shape of the slope and separates the observed mass transport elements into several genetic groups: (1) a series of ~25 km wide, now-buried slide scars and lobes; (2) slope-parallel bathymetric scarps representing shallow faults; (3) slope-perpendicular, open slope slide scars; (4) bathymetric roughness representing debris lobes; (5) slope-confined gullies. Our results provide a multi-scale view of the interplay between sediment transport, mass transport and shallow faulting in the evolution of the slope morphology. The base of the slope and focused disturbances are controlled by ~1 km deep salt retreat, and mimic the Messinian base of slope. The top of the open-slope is delimited by faults, accommodating internal collapse of the margin. The now-buried slides were slope-confined and presumably cohesive, and mostly nucleated along the upper-slope faults. Sediment accumulations, infilling the now-buried scars, generated more recent open-slope slides. These latter slides transported ~10 km³ of sediments, depositing a significant fraction (~3 m in average) of the sediments along the base of the studied slope during the past < 50 ka. South to north decrease in the volume of the open-slope slides highlight their role in counterbalancing the northwards diminishing sediment supply and helping to maintain a long-term steady-state bathymetric profile. The latest phase slope-confined gullies were presumably created by channelling of bottom currents into slide-scar depressions, possibly establishing incipient canyon headword erosion.     

Dead shrub patches as ecosystem engineers in degraded drylands

A long-term drought has led to the mass mortality of shrubs in the semi-arid Israeli Negev.The most impacted shrub species is the Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch.and Schweinf.In a four-year study,we found that herbaceous vegetation growth was greater in the dead shrub patches than in the surrounding inter-patch biocrusted spaces,suggesting that the dead shrub patches encompass improved micro-habitats.However,unexpectedly,the soil moisture in the dead shrub patches was consistently lower than that of the inter-patch biocrusted spaces.At the same time,soil quality in the dead shrub patches was higher than that in the inter-patch spaces.Therefore,it seems that the overall better soil conditions in the dead patches overcome the scarcity of soil-water,supporting increased herbaceous produc-tivity.For explaining the discrepancy between herbaceous vegetation and soil-water,we formulated a conceptual framework,which highlights the key factors that regulate soil-water dynamics in this dryland ecosystem.We demonstrate that herbaceous vegetation is facilitated in the dead shrub patches by a legacy effect that takes place long after the shrubs have died.The dead shrub patches encompass a unique form of ecosystem engineering.The study high-lights the complex and unpredicted impacts of prolonged droughts on dryland ecosystems.     

藏南帕里至达吉地带的上地壳结构特征──REFTEK顺带广角地震观测结果分析

本文主要介绍１９９２年中美喜马拉雅和青藏高原深剖面与综合研究项目第一阶段（ＩＮＤＥＰＴＨＩ－１）广角地震观测资料利用Ｓｅｉｓ８１程序（Ｃｅｒｖｅｎｙ，１９８１）进行二维解释所获得的帕里一达吉地带的上地壳结构特征。主要成果为：（１）前寒武结晶基底之顶界表现为Ｒ１界面。据本项目地质调查，藏南拆离系（ＳＴＤＳ）在帕里以北约１０ｋｍ处出露，向北缓倾并向地下延伸。认为Ｒ１界面不仅是结晶基底之顶界的反映，而且ＳＴＤ可能沿着Ｒ１界面展布，也即Ｒ１界面同时是一条沉积盖层和基底之间的拆离层。Ｒ１界面埋深３±０．６—１１±０．６ｋｍ。（２）上述拆离层在萨马达一达吉之间，以Ｒ１界面之上的负速度梯度楔状体（ＬＶＬ）为特征。ＬＶＬ可能是ＳＴＤＳ活动时拖带下沉的中生代特提斯沉积，或可能是含水破碎带。（３）在结晶基底内部存在第二条拆离带（ＬＶＺ），表现为Ｔ２反射波组。ＬＶＺ在帕里埋深８．５±０．６ｋｍ，向北陡倾，至萨马达为２２．５±０．６ｋｍ深；再向北，倾角变缓，至达吉之下，达２７±０．６ｋｍ深。ＬＶＺ在帕里─萨马达之间，厚仅０．５ｋｍ；至达吉，增厚至５ｋｍ；也具楔形负速度梯度带性质；它可能是花岗岩局部融熔体之反映...更多。（４）在萨马达─达吉。