WINDOW FACTOR ANALYSIS:THEORETICAL DERIVATION AND APPLICATION TO FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS DATA

Window factor analysis(WFA)is a self-modeling method for extracting the concentration profiles ofindividual components from evolutionary processes such as flow injection,chromatography,titrationsand reaction kinetics.The method takes advantage of the fact that each component lies in a specificregion along the evolutionary axis,called the‘window’.Theoretical equations are derived.The methodis used to extract the concentration profiles and spectra of seven bismuth species from data obtained byGemperline and Hamilton,who injected bismuth perchlorate into a flowing stream of hydrochloric acid.     

Rate and mode of retrogradation on rocky coasts in Victoria, Australia, and their relationship to sea level changes

To understand how the present sea impresses a record of its level on the coast is a prerequisite for reading the records of past sea levels. A first approximation for mean rates of coastal retrogradation since the Flandrian Transgression on the microtidal, open ocean, Meditrerranean- climate coast of Western victoria is: (1) Penultimate Glacial basalt 0 cm/yr (no change in gross geometry in spite of quarrying and channel formation). (2)Last Interglacial aeolianite 4 cm/yr. (3) Lower Cretaceous arkose 0.9 cm/yr (4) Lower Cretaceous siltstone 1.75 cm/yr. The rates are so divergent that the record of sea level changes is impressed quite differently on these respective lithologies.     

INVESTIGATION OF COPPER(Ⅱ)-ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE COMPLEXATION BY WINDOW FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA

Window factor analysis(WFA)is a self-modeling chemometric technique for obtaining the concentrationprofiles of components from evolutionary processes such as chromotography,titrations and reactionkinetics.By specifying the‘window’,i.e.the region along the evolutionary axis indigenous to acomponent,the concentration profile of the component can be obtained without recourse to anyinformation concerning the other components.Mathematical expressions required to perform suchcomputations are derived.The method is applied to the investigation of copper(Ⅱ)complexation withethylenediaminetetraacetate(EDTA)by recording and factor analyzing the ultraviolet spectra of aqueoussolutions containing a fixed amount of the disodium salt of EDTA and varying amounts of CuCl_2.Evidence for four different species of EDTA is obtained.Clues concerning the stoichiometry of thespecies are garnered from the concentration profiles.     

The relationship of present shore platforms to past sea levels

Extant shore platforms are in process of being graded to LWL, just as the whole terrain is being so graded. Thus platforms occur at all possible heights. Other things being equal, lithology determines height. Ecology is important. On macrotidal stormy coasts (e. g. U. K.) the sea is a dominant factor. In hot humid tropics (e. g. Hawaii) intense weathering is a dominant factor (e. g. water layer weathering). Soft rocks graded to LWL have two profiles of equilibrium: (1) Ramp-type in non-soluble rocks. (2) Horizontal-type in soluble rocks. Platforms exist because the sea is more erosive above LWL than below. Endless variation exists in height of tides and waves, so the sea cannot cut at particular levels. 'Storm wave' platforms are hard rocks in exposed sites. They are flat because cut by planar swash (not waves) that returns by channels. Criteria for separating tectonic and eustatic factors are proposed.     

STATISTICAL F-TESTS FOR ABSTRACT FACTOR ANALYSIS AND TARGET TESTING

Fisher variance ratio tests are developed for determining(1)the number of statistically significantabstract factors responsible for a data matrix and(2)the significance of target vectors projected into theabstract factor space.F-tests,developed from the viewpoint of vector distributions,are applied tovarious data sets taken from the chemical literature.     

Natural and imposed injustices: the challenges in implementing 'fair' flood risk management policy in England

This paper examines the challenges facing English flood risk management (FRM) policy and practice when considering fair decision-making processes and outcomes at a range of spatial scales. It is recognised that flooding is not fair per se : the inherent natural spatial inequality of flood frequency and extent, plus the legacy of differential system interventions, being the cause. But, drawing on the three social justice models – procedural equality, Rawls' maximin rule and maximum utility – the authors examine the fairness principles currently employed in FRM decision-making. This is achieved, firstly, in relation to the distribution of taxpayer's money for FRM at the national, regional and local levels and, secondly, for non-structural strategies – most notably those of insurance, flood warnings and awareness raising, land use control, home owner adaptation and emergency management. A case study of the Lower Thames catchment illustrates the challenges facing decision-makers in 'real life': how those strategies which appear to be most technically and economically effective fall far short of being fair from either a vulnerability or equality perspective. The paper concludes that if we are to manage flood risk somewhat more fairly then a move in the direction of government funding of nationally consistent non-structural strategies, in conjunction with lower investment decision thresholds for other local-level FRM options, appears to offer a greater contribution to equality and vulnerability-based social justice principles than the status quo.