风积沙环境下高等级公路冻土块石路基降温性能分析

青藏高原脆弱的生态系统以及人类工程活动,加剧了青藏工程走廊线性工程两侧沙漠化、荒漠化发展趋势,尤其冻土块石路基面临日益严重的风积沙灾害问题。以多年冻土区高等级公路块石路基为研究对象,采用数值模拟分析风积沙环境下封闭块石路基的降温性能和长期热稳定性。结果表明：风积沙堆积对封闭块石路基下部土层冻土温度的影响程度高于冻土上限,1.0 m湿沙工况降低冻土温度,0.2 m干沙则增大冻土温度。升温背景下,随年平均气温增加风沙堆积对路基冻土上限影响程度增强,干沙增大冻土融化深度,湿沙抬升冻土上限。随冻土含冰量减小,路基中心冻土上限对气候升温敏感性增加,风沙堆积影响减弱。气候升温和风沙堆积条件下,在年平均气温低于-5.5℃时,宽幅沥青路面封闭块石路基能够满足降温要求,使人为冻土上限保持在块石层内。研究成果可为风沙危害区多年冻土块石路基的病害治理和拟建青藏高速公路块石路基设计提供科学依据。     

1∶10000数字线划图(DLG)的生产方法浅析

针对1∶10000数字线划图的生产与更新过程中出现的劳动强度大、制图数据和空间数据两张皮作业、数据的反复修改等问题,通过对生产技术方案的改进和生产流程的改造,提出了一体化生产与更新的技术方案并付诸生产实践,解决了生产作业中存在的以上问题并取得了良好的效果。对新方案的工艺流程和实现方法作了阐述。     

西藏地表温度时空演变特征及影响因子

地表温度（land surface temperature, LST）是反映生态环境状况的重要指标。西藏作为气候变化的敏感地区,掌握其LST的时空变化有利于深入了解西藏热环境演化过程,为长期监测高原基础生态变化提供帮助。研究基于谷歌地球引擎获取西藏2000—2020年的MODIS LST数据,采用归一化分级方法对LST进行5个等级的划分,利用趋势分析、热力空间分析以及重心迁移等方法分析了研究区近20年来的LST时空演变特征。同时,选取归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI）、裸土指数（bare soil index, BI）、垂直不透水面指数（perpendicular impervious surface index, PISI）、湿度（WET）以及高程（digital elevation model, DEM）等5个影响LST的地表参数,结合多尺度地理加权回归,探讨了LST影响因子的作用尺度与作用效力。结果表明：2000—2020年,西藏LST均值由18.72 ℃上升至20.28 ℃,年均增长0.09 ℃,LST呈现微弱上升态势。20年来,LST在所有年份皆具有西北高、东南低的空间分布格局,LST增温趋势亦表现为西北高、东南低的分布特征。低温区和高温区空间分布聚集,形状简单、规则;次低温区、中温区以及次高温区空间分布破碎,形状复杂。2000—2020年各温区重心分布具有明显的方向性,且各温区重心迁移轨迹具有显著差异。特别是,低温区重心与高温区重心迁移轨迹呈现出由相向而行到背向而行的转变,反映出研究区东西部区域LST差距经历了由缩小到扩大的过程。DEM和WET对LST具有负向影响,BI、PISI和NDVI具有正向影响,常数项在不同生态区具有不同的影响性质。DEM具有较小的作用尺度以及最强的作用效力,常数项具有最小的作用尺度以及仅次于DEM的作用效力。     

多年冻土地区机场跑道修筑技术现状

我国分布有大面积的多年冻土, 根据我国机场建设的中长期规划, 未来将在多年冻土区修建大量机场, 这些机场的修建将不能避免多年冻土问题. 国内关于冻土区机场跑道修筑的经验非常有限, 国外则开始的较早, 并积累了一些经验. 总结分析国内外多年冻土区机场跑道修筑技术的现状, 其跑道类型主要有: 基岩跑道、开挖换填法修筑的跑道、铺设隔热层的跑道、安装热管的跑道, 共4类. 由于我国多年冻土区的特殊性, 国外的跑道修筑经验只能在一定程度上参考. 由于飞机跑道不同于铁(公)路的特殊性, 近年国内在冻土区铁(公)路的修建过程中采用的稳定冻土地基的工程措施如何应用到机场跑道的建设上, 仍需进一步研究、验证和实践. 将来在我国多年冻土区修建机场跑道, 应结合国外已有的技术和经验, 并以我国在多年冻土区线性工程中已取得的经验作为基础, 进一步研究我国多年冻土区机场跑道修筑的关键技术.     

Evaluating the Temporal and Spatial Urban Expansion Patterns of Guangzhou from 1979 to 2003 by Remote Sensing and GIS Methods

China has experienced and is experiencing expeditious urban expansion in the recent decades, especially in the coastal areas and big cities. Rapid urban expansion and dramatic changes of landscape have caused great economic, environmental and social impacts consequently. It is crucial to understand urban temporal, spatial expansion patterns and their related effects. In this paper, urban expansion of Guangzhou, a rapid growing city in south‐east China, from 1979 to 2003 is studied temporally and spatially. Four time ranges including 1979–1990, 1990–1995, 1995–2000 and 2000–2003 are designed and the urban expansion area, expansion rate and the spatial expansion pattern are discussed by using remote sensing data and Geographical Information System (GIS) tool. Two transects are designed along two axes of Guangzhou expansion and the structural of urban expansion patches at different orientations are compared in order to quantitively understand the urban expansion of Guangzhou during the past 24 years. The gradient analysis integrating multi‐temporal data is performed in order to analyze and compare the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban expansion. Two indices of compactness and fractal dimensional index are used to describe the urban developing pattern in the study time durations. And the influence of different types of traffic roads to urban expansion is evaluated using the buffer analysis of GIS. The results show that: (1) temporally, urban area of Guangzhou increase 296.54 km² from 141.15 km² in 1979 to 437.70 km² in 2003 and the increasing rate is up to 210.08%; (2) spatially, Guangzhou has different urban expanding directions in different stages and the general expanding directions are towards northeast, north, southeast and north in four studied time ranges; (3) transportation lines play a very important role in urban expansion of Guangzhou, but different types of road have different impacts. National roads and highways exhibit stronger control to urban expansion than provincial roads; and (4) expansion of Guangzhou has gradually changed from a compact pattern to leapfrogging and disordering patterns.     

2006―2016年粤港澳大湾区城市不透水面 时空变化与驱动力分析

以遥感和地理信息系统技术为支撑,从城市地理学视角对粤港澳大湾区城市不透水面的时空变化状况进行分析,并探讨了不透水面变化的驱动力。结果表明：1）湾区内城市不透水面扩张现象明显,面积从2006年的12 127.69 km2增加到2016年的20 188.87 km2,年均增长速度高达6.65%;2）区域内城市不透水面空间分布越来越集中,呈现高密度区域聚集;3）交通道路（省道及以上级别）与城市不透水面扩张的速度和方向关系密切,其中与国道的关系最为紧密;4）国民生产总值（GDP）和常住人口的增长都对城市不透水面的扩张产生深刻的正向影响,相关系数分别为0.840 7和0.834 1;5）近10年来,粤港澳大湾区城市不透水面的空间格局变化显著,湾区各城市的发展阶段存在差异性,在未来城市发展中应该协调好各城市不透水面的扩张范围和速度,避免过高不透水面带来生态环境问题。     

TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER OVER AN OPEN GRASSLAND*

Described in this paper is an experiment on atmosphere-surface turbulent exchange and boundary layer turbulence properties conducted in July 1994 over the Kerqin Grassland,Jilin,China.The characteristics of the turbulent spectrum,and the relationships of the standard deviation of the turbulent velocity components and sensible heat flux with the atmospheric stability are studied using data from a sonic anemometer and a fast-response platinum resistance thermometer mounted on a 100 m tower.The results show that in the surface layer over a flat,uniform and open grassland,for a broad stability range(-22.12≤Z_iL≤17.98),the velocity spectra obey the-2/3 power law in the inertial subrange,and 1 power law at low frequencies.Under near neutral stratification,σ_u/u_*=1.20,σ_v/u_*=1.23 and σ_w/u_*=1.02.For Z_i/L≤-0.2,the standard deviations of the turbulent velocity components follow a 1/3 power law.For Z_i/L≤-0.1,the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuations follows a-1/3 power law,and as Z_i/L≤-0.08,it exhibits nonlinear behavior.Sensible heat flux is well correlated to the stability parameter.     

Distribution pattern and geochemical analysis of rare earth elements in deep-ocean sediments

The content and distribution pattern of rare earth elements(REEs) in surface sediments from the Eastern and Western Pacific Ocean,the Northern and Southern Atlantic Ocean,and the Southwestern Indian Ocean were explored and the resources and geochemical characteristics of REEs in deep-ocean sediments from different oceans were studied.The total REE abundances(∑EE) in the different oceans ranged as follows:Eastern Pacific,56.88-500.02 μg/g;Western Pacific,290.68-439.94 μg/g;Northern Atlantic,55.3 3-154.90 μg/g;Southern Atlantic,40.83-69.30 μg/g;and Southwestern Indian Ocean,20.24-64.76 μg/g.Their corresponding LREE(La-Eu)/HREE(Gd-Lu) average values were 5.18,5.86,9.01,5.21,and 4.59,which indicated that the light REEs were all evidently enriched.δEu and δCe showed slight Eu-negative anomalies and significant Ce-positive anomalies in all sediments.Although the contents of REEs in the sediments varied among the different oceans,the distribution patterns of REEs were similar,and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.929 0.In the Eastern Pacific sediments,TREE showed a significantly positive correlation with Co,Cu,Zn,Mn,Mo and a weak correlation with Fe.In the Western Pacific and Southern Atlantic sediments,TREE presented no obvious correlation and a weakly negative correlation with Co,Cu,Zn,Mn,Mo and Fe,respectively.TREE in the Southwestern Indian Ocean sediments positively correlated with Cu,Zn,Mn,Mo,Fe,and had a weakly negative correlation with Co.