Observation of clouds and solar radiation over the Pacific Ocean as relation to global climate

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Atmospheric input of trace elements to the western Pacific Ocean and the Kuroshio ocean area

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The concentration and distribution of dimethyl sulfide in the marine atmospheric boundary layer near the equator

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Temporal and spatial variations of marine aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean

Aerosol samples, collected daily were analyzed with electron microscopy for particle concentration and size distribution. The chemical compositions of individual particles were determined with X-ray energy spectrometry and specific morphological tests. The results demonstrated clear and significant dependencies of aerosol properties on air trajectories computed from a backtrack model. Air parcels, such as American air pollution and Sahara dust, were identified. Their physical mixing and chemical reactions with marine aerosols as well as aerosol wet deposition are discussed.     

A Numerical Simulation of “5.5” Super-Duststorm in Northern China

Combining the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale (MM4) model, the dust transport model and an atmospheric radiative transfer model, a super duststorm process occurred in the Gansu province on 5 May 1993 has been simu-lated. Based on the observations of duststorms occurred in the northern China and the field measurements of dust particles’ physical and optical properties, model simulating dust plume transport processes and dust particle radiative forcing have been developed. The models are described and verified with real cases of duststorms.     

畜禽废弃物集运车自动监控回报地理信息系统之开发

本研究能藉由装置于畜禽废弃物集运车之重量感测系统（Weighing System，WS）及全球卫星定位系统（Global Positioning System，GPS），经由全球行动无线通讯系统（Global System for Mobile Communication，GSM）全天候将集运车上畜禽废弃物载重变化及其位置，实时传回监控中心之地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，Gis）与数据库服务器中，再利用网络地图服务器经因特网（Intemet）随时提供客户端上网浏览查询与监控集运车可能不当流用之行为。本系统着重以重量变化信息作为监控端参考的重要依据，再配合车辆定位信息以核对畜禽废弃物卸载地点与重量而掌控不当流用之明确证据。另考虑集运车司机可能利用下班时间进行违法行为，监控人员无法全天侯监控，本研究系统增加集运车于非上班时间发生异常状况时，以简讯（Short Message）及电子邮件（E-mail）型式传送至预设监控者手机或远程计算机内或在提供监控者于下班时间直接透过因特网浏览器监控之功能，以及藉由远程操控软件（Symantec PC Anywhere）透过远程计算机进入监控中心做不定时的查询监视。另外，本系统透过手持式输入设备，将清运司机所输入毙死畜禽数量信息传送到GSM／GPRS（General Packet Radio Service）模块，并发送回监控端，其监控人员可透过因特网浏览接口，了解集运车辆实时清运数量、重量与路线位置之关系，以确实达到集运车辆控管之目的。     

Geographic and temporal variations of sulfate aerosols over the Pacific Ocean

To investigate the life cycle of marine sulfate aerosols, chemicophysical characteristics of marine aerosolswere measured during five cruises in the Pacific Ocean. Dimethyl sulfide concentrations in seawater and in the air were also measured. The geographic variation of sulfate-aerosol concentrations was studied in relation to biogenic and anthropogenic sources,transport with air trajectories, and chemical transformations in the atmosphere. The highest concentrations were found near Asian and American ports, indicating anthropogenic pollution is the major sulfate aerosols source. Higher concentrations were observed in the upwelling regions than in the oligotrophic areas. Along the coastal regions, both mass and number concentrations of sulfate aerosols depended on wind direction and wind speed, and land-breeze and sea-breeze oscillations; no clear diurnal variation was detected. In pelagic areas, along the equator, the concentrations of small sulfate particles showed a maximum in the afternoon and the m     

A study of marine aerosols over the Pacific Ocean

Aerosol samples were collected on a Pacific cruise from 47°N to 55°S. Particle morphology, concentrations, and size distributions were analyzed with an electron microscope; elemental compositions of individual particles were determined with an X-ray energy spectrometer; and chemical compositions of bulk samples were measured with an ion chromatograph. Temporal and spatial variations of aerosol physico-chemical characteristics were studied in relation to ocean currents and atmospheric parameters. The results show that number and mass concentrations of primary particles depend mainly on surface wind speeds. However the ratios between the major ions, e.g., Na⁺, Cl^-, and Mg⁺⁺, are similar to the ratios in seawater regardless of location or meteorological conditions. The concentrations of secondary aerosols, e.g., non-seasalt sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium particles, show maxima at upwelling regions, such as along the California coast, at the Equator, and near the Chatham Rise where ascending motion brings nutrient-riched deep water into the surface layer. The number concentrations of small sulfate particles and large nitrate-coated particles showed diurnal variations with maxima in the early afternoon and minima at night, indicating that the particles are the products of photo-chemical reactions. Their precursor gases, e.g., CH₃SCH₃, NO, and NH₃ are known to be released from seawater in upwelling regions where biological activities thrive.