黄土斜坡稳定性的模糊信息分析法

本文基于黄土斜坡稳定性的实际资料,利用信息分配、模糊一二级近似推论及信息集中等原因建立了一套黄土斜坡稳定性的评价方法。用这套方法对一些黄土斜坡(非母体)稳定性进行了验证,其结果与实际情况一致。本方法已应用于兰州市滑坡防灾规划和皋兰山三台阁北侧几个滑坡及斜坡稳定性的研究中,效果良好。     

青藏高原东部多年冻土退化对环境的影响

退化是本区多年冻土变化的基本趋势，不同区段退化幅度有差异，影响退化的因素除了全球气候转暖外，还有局地气候和地下水迳流。在退化敏感的地带，工程建设，牧区生态平衡都有不可忽视的影响。     

卫星遥感在秸秆焚烧监测中的应用

通过对MODIS光谱特征的分析，提出了一种综合运用3S技术进行秸秆焚烧动态监测的资料处理流程和量化判识指标。通过在关中地区2004年麦秸秆焚烧监测中的应用，效果良好，为政府部门迅速、准确地了解全省秸秆焚烧情况，提高预警能力和监督检查的效率提供了科学依据。     

Vertical variations and transport mechanism of soil moisture in response to vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is essential for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid regions. Ascertaining the vertical distribution and transportation of soil moisture under different vegetation types has a profound effect on the ecological construction. In this study, the soil moisture at a depth of 500 cm for four typical vegetation types, including Robinia pseudoacacia, Caragana korshinskii, Stipa bungeana, and corn, were investigated and compared in the Zhifanggou watershed of the Loess plateau. Additionally, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes were detected to identify the transport mechanism of soil moisture. The results showed vertical distribution and transportation of soil moisture were different under different vegetation types. Depth-averaged soil moisture under S. bungeana and corn generally increased along the profile, while C. korshinskii and R. pseudoacacia showed weakly increasing and relatively stable after an obvious decreasing trend (0–40 cm). The soil moisture under R. pseudoacacia was lower than that under other vegetation types, especially in deep layer. However, the effect of R. pseudoacacia on soil moisture in the topsoil (< 30 cm) could be positive. For R. pseudoacacia (160–500 cm), C. korshinskii (0–500 cm), and S. bungeana (0–100 cm), the soil moisture declined with increased in vegetation age. Planting arbor species such as R. pseudoacacia intensified the decline of soil moisture on the Loess Plateau. The capacity of evaporation fractionation of soil moisture followed the sequence: corn > S. bungeana > R. pseudoacacia > C. korshinskii. The δ¹⁸O values in soil water fluctuated across the profile. The δ¹⁸O values changed sharply in upper layer and generally remained stable in deep layer. However, in middle layer, the vertical distribution characteristics of the δ¹⁸O values were different under different vegetation types. We estimated that piston flow was the main mode of precipitation infiltration, and the occurrence of preferential flow was related to vegetation types. These results were helpful to improve the understanding of the response of deep soil moisture to vegetation restoration and inform practices for sustainable water management.     

Effects of differing coverage of moss‐dominated soil crusts on hydrological processes and implications for disturbance in the Mu Us Sandland,China

To study the effects of biological soil crusts (BSCs) on hydrological processes and their implications for disturbance in the Mu Us Sandland, the water infiltration, evaporation and soil moisture of high coverage (100% BSCs), middle coverage (40% BSCs) and low coverage (0% BSCs, bare sand) of moss‐dominated crusts were conducted in this study, respectively. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the main effects of moss‐dominated crusts in the Mu Us Sandland on the infiltration of rainwater were to reduce the infiltration depths and to retain the limited rainwater in shallow soil; (2) moss‐dominated crusts have no significant effects on daily evaporation when the volumetric water content at 4 cm depth in 100% BSCs (VWC4) was over 24.7%, on enhanced daily evaporation when the VWC4 ranged from 6.5% to 24.7% and on reduced daily evaporation when the VWC4 was less than 6.5%; and (3) decreasing the coverage of moss‐dominated crusts (from 100% to 40%) did not significantly change its effects on infiltration, evaporation and soil moisture. Our results demonstrated that for the growth and regeneration of shrubs, which were dominated by Artemisia ordosica in the Mu Us Sandland, high coverage of moss‐dominated crusts has negative effects on hydrological processes, and these negative effects could not be significantly reduced by decreasing the coverage of moss‐dominated crusts from 100% to 40%. Therefore, for the sustained and healthy development of shrub communities in the Mu Us Sandland, it is necessary to take appropriate measures for the well‐developed BSCs in the sites with high vegetation coverage in the rainy season. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of different soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes and flood processes in the Yanhe River,Loess Plateau,China

The runoff and sediment load of the Loess Plateau have changed significantly due to the implementation of soil and water conservation measures since the 1970s. However, the effects of soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes have rarely been considered. In this study, we investigated the variations in hydrological extremes and flood processes during different periods in the Yanhe River Basin (a tributary of the Loess Plateau) based on the daily mean runoff and 117 flood event data from 1956 to 2013. The study periods were divided into reference period (1956–1969), engineering measures period (1970–1995), and biological control measures period (1996–2013) according to the change points of the annual streamflow and the actual human activity in the basin. The results of the hydrological high extremes (HF1_max, HF3_max, HF7_max) exhibit a decreasing trend (P?<?0.01), whereas the hydrological low extremes (HBF1_min, HBF3_min, HBF7_min) show an increasing trend during 1956–2013. Compared with the hydrological extremes during the reference period, the hydrological high extremes increased during the engineering measures period at low (<?15%) and high frequency (>?80%), whereas decreased during the biological control measures period at almost all frequencies. The hydrological low extremes generally increased during both the engineering measures and biological control measures periods, particularly during the latter period. At the flood event scale, most flood event indices in connection with the runoff and sediment during the engineering measures period were significantly higher than those during the biological control measures period. The above results indicate that the ability to withstand hydrological extremes for the biological control measures was greater than that for the engineering measures in the studied basin. This work reveals the effects of different soil and water conservation measures on hydrological extremes in a typical basin of the Loess Plateau and hence can provide a useful reference for regional soil erosion control and disaster prevention policy-making.

     

引入Himawari-8卫星数据协变量的能见度样条插值方法

在ANUSPLIN薄盘光滑样条插值中,高相关协变量的选取决定了插值结果的精确性。本文选取2017—2019年大雾和霾能见度较差的天气过程,利用183个能见度观测站点对能见度进行插值,引入Himawari-8卫星的通道数据和DEM数据作为协变量对能见度的插值结果进行改进,并对能见度插值结果进行对比分析。研究表明,引入Himawari-8数据和DEM数据作为协变量的能见度插值结果在精度上有显著提高,尤其对雾区和霾区的边界范围和纹理的反演更为准确,基于Himawari-8卫星数据和气象监测站点的观测数据,使用协变量的方法进行能见度插值可以做为能见度监测网格化的一种有效途径。     

Analysis of the impact of conservation measures on stream flow regime in catchments of the Loess Plateau,China

Catchments in the Loess Plateau have been under the influence of human activities for centuries. In the last four decades, soil conservation measures have accelerated and intensified. These measures were designed to reduce soil erosion, improve agricultural productivity, and enhance environmental quality. It is important to evaluate the effects of these measures on hydrology in order to develop sustainable catchment management plans in the region. This study evaluated changes in stream flow data for four selected catchments in the Loess Plateau following large‐scale soil conservation measures. The non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test was used to identify trends in annual stream flow and the results showed significant downward trends in three of the four catchments. The Pettitt test indicated that a change point occurred in 1978 in these three catchments. Annual precipitation in all the catchments showed no significant trend during the period of record. Comparison of daily flow duration curves for two 20‐year periods (1957–1978) and (1979–2003) showed significant changes in stream flow regime. Reduction in most percentile flows varied between 20 and 45%, and the reduction in low flows was greatest. Overall, the reductions in daily flow were increasing with time, with significant changes occurring in the 1990s. However, it is not clear whether these catchments have seen the full effects of the soil conservation measures, so the results of this study might underestimate the final impact of soil conservation on stream flow regime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fractal kinetic characteristics for dissolving and leaching processes of strontium residue

The pore structural characteristics of strontium residue were studied with the N₂ adsorption method (ASAP2010). The kinetic properties concerning dissolving and leaching strontium waste were described by determining the concentrations of Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ and soluble sulphides in solutions. The results showed that the specific surface area and pore volume increased with decreasing granule diameter, and the micropore surface of the residue was fractal. In the dissolving and leaching processes of strontium residue, soluble ion concentrations increased with decreasing granule diameter of the residue, and the reaction dimension was lower than the fractal dimension of pore surface. Sr²⁺ and soluble sulphide concentrations significantly exceeded the defined standard values, while Ba²⁺ concentrations did not, either in the dissolving or leaching solutions. In addition, dissolving and leaching reactions selectively occurred on the micropore surface of strontium residue.     

科技创新、技术推广与海水养殖业全要素生产率

为促进我国海水养殖业的高质量可持续发展,文章根据科技创新、技术推广与海水养殖业全要素生产率之间的影响机理构建理论模型,选取2006-2018年我国从事海水养殖业的沿海地区相关数据和相关变量,实证检验科技创新对海水养殖业全要素生产率的影响以及技术推广在该影响机制中发挥的作用,并提出发展建议。研究结果表明：科技创新对提高海水养殖业全要素生产率和技术推广均具有显著的促进作用;技术推广对提高海水养殖业全要素生产率具有显著的促进作用,且在科技创新提高海水养殖业全要素生产率的影响机制中发挥中介效应;经替换变量法和补充变量法检验,实证检验结果具有稳健性;未来我国发展海水养殖业应进一步增强科技创新和技术推广能力。