湿地水文过程与植被响应研究进展与案例分析

生态水文学是20世纪90年代兴起的一门研究生态过程和生态格局水文机制的新学科。湖泊湿地作为中国5大类天然湿地类型之一,湖泊湿地生态水文学的研究业已成为生态水文学的研究的一个重要对象和分支,其核心在于研究湖泊湿地生态系统中多时空尺度的水文与生物格局、过程的耦合特征及其相互作用。论文首先概述了湖泊湿地生态水文学的研究进展,包括其基本理论,内涵、外延及其主要研究内容;凝练了湖泊湿地生态水文学研究的方法体系、思路及框架;针对目前湖泊湿地生态水文学研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,提出了湖泊湿地生态水文学未来研究的发展趋势和亟需加强研究的重点方向。在此基础上,以长江中游的典型通江湖泊湿地——鄱阳湖湿地为例,通过开展的湖泊湿地生态水文过程与模拟研究的典型案例,阐述了鄱阳湖湖泊湿地生态水文过程的变化及其植被响应研究的最新进展和研究成果。论文对于构建涵盖湖泊湿地水资源、湖泊湿地生态景观格局与流域管理、湖泊湿地生物多样性保育以及湿地资源可持续利用与生态管理等方向在内的战略研究体系,完善湿地生态水文研究与流域生态与管理的技术支撑体系具有重要的指导意义和实践价值。     

Helmert方差分量估计在GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合定位权比确定中的应用

因GNSS系统间观测噪声、轨道精度的差异，采用经验权比进行组合定位难以得到最优结果。基于此，在GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合定位中引入Helmert方差分量估计，对GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合单点定位和基线解算中各系统观测值进行合理定权。实验表明，采用该方法确定的伪距观测值最佳权比为5∶1∶1，相位观测值最佳权比为1∶1∶1，有效提高了GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合定位的精度和可靠性。     

Approach to Mountain Hazards in Tibet, China

Tibet is located at the southwest boundary of China. It is the main body of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the highest and the youngest plateau in the world. Owing to complicated geology, Neo-tectonic movements, geomorphology, climate and plateau environment, various mountain hazards, such as debris flow, flash flood, landslide, collapse, snow avalanche and snow drifts, are widely distributed along the Jinsha River (the upper reaches of the Yangtze River), the Nu River and the Lancang River in the east, and the Yarlungzangbo River, the Pumqu River and the Poiqu River in the south and southeast of Tibet. The distribution area of mountain hazards in Tibet is about 589,000 km^2, 49.3% of its total territory. In comparison to other mountain regions in China, mountain hazards in Tibet break out unexpectedly with tremendously large scale and endanger the traffic lines, cities and towns, farmland, grassland, mountain environment, and make more dangers to the neighboring countries, such as Nepal, India, Myanmar and Bhutan. To mitigate mountain hazards, some suggestions are proposed in this paper, such as strengthening scientific research, enhancing joint studies, hazards mitigation planning, hazards warning and forecasting, controlling the most disastrous hazards and forbidding unreasonable human exploring activities in mountain areas.     

天堂的颜色

冬日的雪乡，银装素裹，满枝璎珞，远远望去，俨然是一幅优美的水墨画。雪乡的美，就美在她的纯朴、素静、洁白，就美在这份自然里。然而，又觉得她的美是可以触摸的，真实细腻又温情。我们去雪乡的时候，正好是雪乡一年之中最冷的时间。     

多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镉标准溶液中镉的同位素组成

建立了多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对Cd标准溶液同位素组成进行分析的实验方法。仪器的质量分馏校正采用Standard-Sample Bracketing法。实验结果用δ114/110Cd来表达。在此研究基础上,以SPEX Cd标准溶液为参考标准,对国外4种Cd标准溶液进行了测定。结果表明,实验测定的精度在0.07‰~0.13‰(δ114/110Cd),与目前文献报道的结果具有相似的精度。以最新SPEX Cd标准样品(δ114/110Cd=0)为基准,计算的δ114/110CdJMC、δ114/110CdSPEX-1、δ114/110CdBAM1012和δ114/110CdM櫣nster的值分别为0.55‰、0.56‰、-0.65‰和5.14‰,说明不同批次SPEX标准溶液的Cd同位素组成是明显不同的,最新的SPEX Cd标准溶液与SPEX-1 Cd的δ114/110Cd值存在着0.56‰的差别。将以SPEX Cd为参考标准的δ114/110CdBAM1012和δ114/110CdM櫣nster转化为以SPEX-1或JMC为参考标准后,得到的结果与文献报道的结果在误差范围内一致。     

Matlab遗传算法工具GUI率定马斯京根模型参数

本文针对传统及改进马斯京根洪水演算模型,利用简单易行的Matlab遗传算法工具(gatool)GUI进行模型参数最优估计,获得不同优化准则下的模型参数,并进行检验.结果表明用Matlab遗传算法工具GUI优选改进后的马斯京根模型参数,收敛能力强、计算时间短、所得演算流量更接近实际.     

光强和营养盐对伪矮海链藻昼夜节律变化的影响 Ⅰ.细胞分裂、叶绿素α及活体荧光特性

于1989年1月—1989年8月采用连续培养和半连续培养方法进行了伪矮海链藻细胞分裂、叶绿素α含量和活体荧光特性与光、营养盐关系的研究。结果表明,细胞分裂、活体荧光、叶绿素α均呈现光照期的增长速率明显高于黑暗期的增长速率的日变化规律,荧光增强比则在光照期开始后或黑暗期结束时出现最高值;光强和营养盐不仅影响各指标日变化的幅度,而且还可改变荧光增强比峰值出现时间。因此,在研究细胞分裂、叶绿素α和荧光特性的昼夜节律时,必须考虑光和营养盐这两个重要因素。     

基于EOF分析对南海西北海域水体光谱特性的研究

This study presents an analysis of the spectral characteristics of remote sensing reflectance(R_(rs)) in northwestern South China Sea based on the in situ optical and water quality data for August 2018.R_(rs)was initially divided into four classes,classes A to D,using the max-classification algorithm,and the spectral properties of whole R_(rs) were characterized using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis.Subsequently,the dominant factors in each EOF mode were determined.The results indicated that more than 95% of the variances of R_(rs) are partly driven by the back-scattering characteristics of the suspended matter.The initial two EOF modes were well correlated with the total suspended matter and back-scattering coefficient.Furthermore,the first EOF modes of the four classes of R_(rs)(A-D R_(rs)-EOF_1) significantly contributed to the total variances of each R_(rs) class.In addition,the correlation coefficients between the amplitude factors of class A-D R_(rs)-EOF_1 and the variances of the relevant water quality and optical parameters were better than those of the unclassified ones.The spectral shape of class AR_(rs)-EOF_1 was governed by the absorption characteristic of chlorophyll a and colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM).The spectral shape of class B R_(rs)-EOF_1 was governed by the absorption characteristic of CDOM since it exhibited a high correlation with the absorption coefficient of CDOM(a_g(λ)),whereas the spectral shape of class C R_(rs)-EOF_1 was governed by the back-scattering characteristics but not affected by the suspended matter.The spectral shape of class D R_(rs)-EOF_1 exhibited a relatively good correlation with all the water quality parameters,which played a significant role in deciding its spectral shape.     

东太平洋柱状沉积物的古气候和古环境记录

太平洋深海盆地的远洋沉积物在物质组成和来源上远较大陆边缘简单.由于远离大陆,又有海沟与周边大陆分隔,太平洋深海沉积物中通常不包含由河流水系搬运而来的悬浮物,因此从深海沉积物中提取古气候、古环境信息可以避免诸多地质因素相互叠加和干扰[1].深海远洋沉积物中的主要组分是风成陆源碎屑(包括火山碎屑)和来自上层海水的生源组分(降落到洋底的生物壳体)以及由海解作用形成的自生矿物[2],其中陆源碎屑的相对含量、粒度及矿物成分可以反映大气环流的强度及物源区的气候环境[1],生源组分的组成、相对含量和丰度以及种属含量变化则与表层海水的生产力和溶解作用有关.     

南海晚第四纪浮游有孔虫类群变化所表征的古海洋学特征

通过对南海4个岩心的74个样品进行Q型因子分析,求得4个浮游有孔虫组合:亚热带-热带组合,温凉组合,热带易溶组合和亚热带组合。亚热带-热带组合为优势组合,它的发育状况反映了晚第四纪西太平洋热带海水对南海的影响程度,其因子载荷作为古海流特征的参数。温凉组合的发育与南海存在冷涡有关。利用转换函数FP-12E计算了南海南部表层古水温,冰期与间冰期的表层水温平均变化冬季为4.7℃和2.9℃,夏季为3.0℃和2.1℃,季节性温差冰期最大可达8.6℃,间冰期最大可达5.0℃,均比太平洋同一纬度海区的大。冬季表层古水温波动比夏季的大。全新世的表层水温呈上升趋势,但在NS86-43柱中有一变冷现象,这可能和the younger Younger Dryas有关。