低温低压条件下辉石粉末的热导率实验分析:对月球及火星表面热环境研究的指示

在真空条件下矿物粉末热导率的实验测量,可为我们研究月球及行星表面的热属性和热演化,解译热红外和微波探测数据,开展月球及行星探测载荷设计提供重要的数据参数。本研究主要采用改造后的Hot Disk TPS 2500S导热仪对辉石粉末的热导率进行测量。同时,分析了真空度、温度对辉石粉末热导率的影响。实验结果表明:1)热导率随着真空度的降低呈下降趋势,大气压力在1000Pa时,辉石粉末热传导机制发生明显改变。在低压条件下(1000Pa)热导率随真空度的变化趋于平缓;2)辉石粉末热导率随温度的升高而增大,但是增大的幅度在低压和常压条件下存在明显差异。根据实验结果,提出了低压条件下辉石粉末热导率随真空度和温度变化的关系式。本研究表明,在月球和火星表面热环境的研究中,温度和压力对热导率的影响程度是不同的。上述结果对未来开展地外样品的热导率测量提供了重要的参考。     

月球东海盆地综合解析与撞击初始条件的研究

东海是月球上最年轻的多环撞击盆地,关于其形成机制的研究很多,但成果大都基于正撞击的机制提出的,虽然有部分学者提出东海是斜撞击的,但缺乏具体撞击参数。本文通过多源数据融合,综合分析LRO影像数据、LOLA地形数据、M~3高光谱数据和IIM高光谱数据,对东海地区的地貌特征、物质成分进行了较为系统的解译,发现在东海中央熔融区存在一条与东海撞击方向垂直的中央隆起区域(中央隆起线),其也是中央熔融区粗糙部分与光滑部分的分界线,结合撞击坑成坑理论,认为其可能是撞击过程冲击波作用引起的堆叠作用形成的。同时利用GRAIL数据及对该地区的重力异常的成因进行了分析,认为异常是由于压强、温度及岩石粘度的改变引起局部莫霍面抬升和中央熔融物的形成而出现的,进而估算出熔融物占盆地内物质的25%,约为1.1×10~6km~3。同时,对GRAIL数据的剖面分析结果也支持了本文的斜撞击理论。最后,综合多方面的信息和撞击理论获取东海盆地构造分布图,并根据中央隆起线、溅射物及线性构造的分布特征等,提出东海盆地理论上是由一直径在50~100km的撞击体以10~30km/s的速度自东偏北约20°~30°方向以20°~30°的角度斜撞击月表而形成的。这可为研究更早期的月球撞击坑提供理论参考。     

存在初始“传导盖层”的月球岩浆洋演化与月壳成因

月球早期经历了岩浆洋阶段,岩浆洋的研究对认识月球内部构造有着重要意义。月球岩浆洋演化主导模型认为:岩浆洋结晶到80%左右,斜长石开始结晶,并上浮形成斜长岩月壳。该模型与观察事实存在两点矛盾:1)基于该模型计算结晶的斜长石An牌号比高地样品斜长石An牌号测试结果低;2)该模型散热速率计算指示岩浆洋在几个百万年时间内固化,而同位素体系对月球岩石样品定年结果表明月壳的结晶年龄十分古老,并且结晶区间跨越了270Myr,这与主导模型之间存在矛盾。以解决以上两点矛盾为目的,本文论证岩浆洋在演化之初硕部存在冷却"盖层",并将硅酸盐熔体在温度梯度下的热扩散效应引入岩浆洋演化模型。热扩散效应指均一的物质在温度梯度下发生分异的过程。本文工作模型是:由于月球的重力常数小,不能有效的保持大气,因此月球的岩浆洋表面温度很低。此时岩浆洋自上而下存在一个过渡的瞬态固化"盖层"(淬火层),岩浆洋自上而下存在温度梯度,岩浆洋在该梯度下发生热扩散效应(Soret效应),Soret效应导致上部结晶斜长石的熔体富Ca和贫Na,因此结晶的斜长石An牌号高。     

内蒙古阿巴嘎旗必鲁甘干钼铜矿床成矿流体演化与成矿机制

必鲁甘干钼铜矿床位于内蒙古阿巴嘎旗境内,二连-东乌旗成矿带东段,自2007年发现以来,已探明钼金属量已超过16万吨,达到大型规模。矿床赋存于印支期花岗斑岩和二叠系上统林西组接触带附近,含矿带呈NNE向展布,向SE缓倾。必鲁甘干钼铜矿床成矿阶段可划分为早、主、晚三个阶段,早阶段以硅化和钾长石化蚀变及浸染状和星点状矿化为特征,矿化较强;主阶段以硅化和绢云母化蚀变和发育乳白色含矿石英脉为特征,矿化很强;晚阶段以硅化、碳酸盐化、青磐岩化和粘土化蚀变以及发育石英方解石细脉为特征,矿化较弱。石英中流体包裹体类型主要有富液相水溶液包裹体(L型)、富气相水溶液包裹体(V型)和富CO_2包裹体(C1和C2型)。早阶段发育大量L型和少量C1型包裹体,主阶段发育大量L型和C1型以及少量V型和C2型包裹体,晚阶段主要发育L型包裹体,个别样品发育少量C1型包裹体。早、主、晚阶段均一温度分别为210~354℃、182~351℃、128~312℃,盐度分别为3.6%~9.2%NaC leqv、2.6%~9.2%NaC leqv、2.8%~9.6%NaC leqv。主阶段成矿温度、压力为232~269℃、0.54~1.55kbar;三个阶段成矿深度分别约为8.1~5.8km、5.7~5.5km、3.9~2.6km。从早阶段到晚阶段,成矿流体由中温、中等盐度、富CO_2的NaCl-H_2O-CO_2体系向中低温、低盐度、贫CO_2的H_2O-NaC l体系演化。成矿流体在演化过程中由于周期性压力脉动而导致发生流体不混溶,其可能是成矿元素发生聚集、沉淀形成矿床的重要机制。由必鲁甘干钼铜矿床围岩蚀变("贫水蚀变")、成矿流体成分(NaCl-H_2O-CO_2体系)和成矿深度(主阶段成矿深度约5.7~5.5km)推测其属陆内环境斑岩矿床。     

军地共享地理信息服务体系建设刍议

阐述了从智力支撑、技术保障和安全保密3个层面上构建军地共享地理信息服务体系,是有效利用国家资源,为国防和经济建设提供地理信息服务保障的重要途径。     

Holocene climate change in the Central Tibetan Plateau inferred by lacustrine sediment geochemical records

Multi-proxies of lacustrine sediments, such as total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI) and stable carbon isotopic composition of organic matter (δ 13Corg), were analyzed using a 7.3 m core from Zigê Tangco. The source of the organic matter in the sediment was mainly from autochthonous phytoplankton, therefore the significances of proxies can be interpreted as that high TOC, TOC/TS, HI and δ13Corg values, low TC, TIC values corresponded to warm and wet climatic condition, and vice versa. The process of climatic development in the Zigê Tangco region was hence recovered. During the early and Mid-Holocene, the climate was warm and wet and intensive cold events occurred during the periods of 8600 to 8400 cal a BP and 7400 to 7000 cal a BP. In the second half of Holocene, the climate became cold and dry gradually. The palaeoclimatic process during Holocene in Zigê Tangco region matched well with that in Co Ngoin region which is ca 40 km to the south-east. Therefore this palaeoclimatic process represents the Holocene climatic feature in the Central Tibetan Plateau which has the same pattern in the Northern Tibetan Plateau, but the time and duration of some climatic events might be different. We can conclude that in Holocene solar insolation controlled the climatic pattern on the central Tibetan Plateau.     

北秦岭东段二郎坪群基性火山岩中浅色岩体的地球化学、年代学及其地质意义

豫西湾潭地区二郎坪群基性火山岩中存在颜色深浅不同的浅色岩体。它们呈透镜状或不规则脉状产出,主要由斜长石(50%~60%)和石英(40%~50%)组成,另含少量黑云母和绿泥石(3%)。地球化学研究显示,这些浅色岩体主要为英云闪长岩或为奥长花岗岩,具有高Si、富Na,极端贫K,中等Al,低Fe、Mg、Ti的特点,与大洋斜长花岗岩的成分特征相似。微量元素方面则显示出富集Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素的岛弧花岗岩特征。在多种主、微量元素判别图解中,这些不同颜色的浅色岩体之间及与二郎坪蛇绿岩中的基性火山岩之间都显示出明显的结晶分异特征,指示这些浅色岩体与二郎坪蛇绿岩一起形成在弧后盆地环境,是幔源低钾拉斑玄武质岩浆结晶分异的产物。LA-ICP-MS锆石定年结果得到两个斜长花岗岩样品的形成年龄分别为468.5±1.5Ma和470.0±2.6Ma,代表浅色岩体的结晶年龄。该年龄与新近获得的二郎坪群基性火山岩的形成年龄(475±1.5Ma)一致,表明北秦岭二郎坪群弧后盆地型蛇绿岩的形成时代为~470Ma的早古生代。二郎坪基性火山岩470Ma的形成时代和弧后盆地型蛇绿岩的构造属性与秦岭群超高压榴辉岩的原岩年龄(~800Ma)及板内玄武岩的地球化学属性截然不同,而且470Ma年龄明显晚于其南侧秦岭群中超高压榴辉岩~500Ma的峰期变质年龄,暗示二郎坪群基性火山岩与其南侧的北秦岭超高压榴辉岩可能无直接成因联系。     

Gravitational lunar capture based on bicircular model in restricted four body problem

Gravitational capture is a useful phenomenon in the design of the low energy transfer (LET) orbit for a space mission. In this paper, gravitational lunar capture based on the Sun–Earth–Moon bicircular model (BCM) in the restricted four body problem is studied. By the mechanical analysis in the space near the Moon, we first propose a new parameter \(k\) , the corrected ratio of the radial force, to investigate the influence of the radial force on the capture eccentricity in the BCM. Then, a parametric analysis is performed to detect the influences on the corrected ratio \(k\) . Considering the restriction of time-of-flight and corrected ratio, we investigate, respectively, the minimum capture eccentricity and the corrected minimum capture eccentricity. Via numerical analysis, we discover two special regions on the sphere of capture, in which the capture point possesses the global minimum capture eccentricity and corrected capture eccentricity. They denote the optimal capture regions in terms of minimizing the fuel consumption of the maneuver. According to the results obtained, some suggestions on the design of the LET orbit are given.     

Differences in the gene expressive quantities of carbonic anhydrase and cysteine synthase in the weathering of potassium-bearing minerals by Aspergillus niger

We investigated the differences in the gene expression of carbonic anhydrase(CA)and cysteine synthase(CysM)between two weathering conditions,with either soluble potassium or insoluble potassium.We cultured a strain of A.niger by adopting a variant Czapek medium(using Na2HPO4as a substitute for K2HPO4)in two groups,Group A(containing silicate minerals bearing potassium but without KCl)and Group B(with KCl).We extracted the mRNAs of CA and CysM from these two groups and performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions(RT-qPCR).We constructed relative standard curves by using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)as the reference to confirm a consistent amplification efficiency of the target genes(CA and CysM)and the reference gene and quantified the gene expression of the targets in a relative manner.Our results showed that CA and CysM in Group A were upregulated for 1.7 times and 11.7 times,respectively,compared with those in Group B.Furthermore,we also analyzed some metabolic pathways and functions of the A.niger-induced weathering of potassium-bearing minerals,which involved the synthesizing of these two enzymes.Thus our work provides materials for further study of the roles of A.niger in the metabolic regulation during the weathering process of potassium-bearing minerals.     

兴蒙造山带中段南缘晚古生代演化过程:来自苏尼特右旗地区沉积地层及火山岩的证据

本文选取内蒙古苏尼特右旗地区石炭-二叠纪地层及火山岩为研究对象,通过典型地层剖面测制、锆石U-Pb年代学、古生物和地球化学等方法,查明其形成时代、物质来源及沉积环境,并进一步探讨兴蒙造山带中段南缘晚古生代的演化过程。本巴图组2个碎屑岩样品最小年龄为299Ma和296Ma,结合古生物化石研究,其形成时代应为晚石炭-早二叠世;三面井组2个碎屑岩样品的最小年龄为271Ma和272Ma,同样结合其古生物化石资料,判断其形成时代为早-中二叠世。锆石组成和岩相特征显示本巴图组和三面井组形成于不同的沉积背景之下。本巴图组的沉积相变化显示为一个海进序列,形成于弧后伸展背景之下;三面井组则与之相反,显示沉积环境由稳定变为活动,形成于汇聚背景之下。安山岩的喷出年龄为277±1.4Ma,有着高镁安山岩的属性,显示出俯冲背景下陆缘弧火山岩的特征。结合以往区域地质资料,我们认为晚古生代兴蒙造山带南缘的构造演化过程可分为五个阶段:(1)泥盆纪,碰撞后伸展阶段;(2)早石炭世,俯冲开始阶段;(3)晚石炭,俯冲不强烈、局部发生伸展作用阶段,以本巴图组和阿木山组的碎屑岩-碳酸盐组合为代表;(4)早中二叠世,俯冲加强阶段,发育三面井组和大量的陆缘弧火山岩,此时古亚洲洋仍然存在;(5)晚二叠世之后,碰撞结束、古亚洲洋消失阶段,区域开始出现大量A型花岗岩,整体进入造山后环境。