发头裸腹溞休眠卵发育的温度因子分析

测定了不同温度下发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)体眠卵的孵化时间及孵化率;取最先孵出和过半数孵出的两组数据依莱奥姆积温法则求得种群休眠卵最低临界温度为12.00℃,最低有效积温为441.61℃·h;最低亚致死高温点(即最适温度)为35.16℃,以及最低死亡高温点39.44℃。种群中过半数的临界温度为12.88℃,过半数有效积温为557.10℃·h,过半数的亚致死高温点为35.56℃以及过半数死亡高温点为39.49℃。讨论了这些参数在枝角类集约化培养中休眠卵的有效保存与启用所具有的实践意义。     

Field experiments and numerical simulations of whirlpool foundation pit dewatering

A whirlpool foundation pit is a small-diameter, deep circular pit. Because of its depth and small diameter, a large drawdown is required, and a limited number of wells can be installed inside the pit. During excavation, partially penetrating wells inside and outside the foundation pit have to be installed to lower the water level when the aquifer is too thick. However, partially penetrating wells near partially penetrating curtains cannot be treated by analytical methods. Therefore, it is necessary to use numerical methods to predict dewatering during excavation. Field experiments were performed on whirlpool foundation pit 1880 of Baosteel Group, Shanghai, China, to obtain pumping rates and drawdown, pumping with a single well and two wells in the confined aquifer. The results indicate that the drawdown inside the pit induced by pumping wells outside the foundation pit was small, whereas it was large for pumping wells inside the pit. The pumping wells inside and outside the pit had to be combined to lower the water level. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the dewatering process. The hydraulic conductivities of the confined aquifers were inversed by using the pumping tests. Operation schedules were simulated with the corrected model for different combinations of wells inside and outside the pit. The results suggest that different schedules and operation conditions affect drawdown. The monitored results during dewatering indicate that the simulation and field measurements were in agreement. The results can be applied to similar situations.     

华北平原蒸散和GPP格局及其对气候波动的响应

华北平原水资源不足影响农业和经济的可持续发展,威胁国家的粮食安全。有效地预测区域的蒸散量和用水效率是合理配置农业和生态用水的前提。本文发展了一个基于遥感植被指数的蒸散和植被生产力模型,利用MODIS遥感信息模拟了华北平原2000-2009 年的蒸散和第一性生产力(GPP)。结果表明,年和生长季累积蒸散和GPP的分布具有纬度地带性,冬小麦季则更为明显。水分盈亏分析表明,降水显著低于蒸散的地区主要分布在黄河流域以北,南部地区降水有盈余。年尺度上,黄河以北地区水分亏缺0~300 mm;在小麦生长发育期,几乎全区水分亏缺0~400 mm;在玉米生长发育期,黄河以北地区水分亏缺0~100 mm。此外,蒸散和GPP的年际变化明显,既受气候波动的影响,也受植被的动态响应调节。     

地铁行车荷载作用下淤泥质黏土累积特性的试验研究

中国上海地区地铁隧道一般位于第④层淤泥质黏土层中,在地铁行车荷载作用下隧道周围土体变形引起隧道轴线沉降,有些区段隧道轴线沉降量已超过20cm,引起了一系列环境地质问题.本文以上海第④层原状淤泥质黏土为研究对象,通过室内循环三轴试验,模拟地铁运营过程中产生的振动荷载,研究荷载作用下上海淤泥质黏土的累积应变、孔隙水压力及再...     

Investigation and evaluation of contamination in dredged reclaimed land in China

Large-scale reclamation projects have been developing rapidly in China’s coastal lands since 2000. In this study, the scale and pollutant contents of reclaimed lands were collected from published data and field surveys. Over 80% of the gross area was formed using hydraulic reclaimed technology. The pollution index, geoaccumulation index, and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) of 13 pollutant types were calculated based on the collected data. The potential pollution within major newly reclaimed lands was evaluated with valid pollutant data from sediments of the neighboring water. All reclaimed lands larger than 30?km² were slightly to seriously polluted with Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, and Ni according to NIPI. The reclaimed fields in Hengsha Island, Binhai Tower, and Lingang New City of Shanghai were selected as verification sites for the pollution evaluations. The Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni concentrations in dredged soils determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed a generally good soil quality within the typical reclaimed fields. Principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses indicated that the relatively high As content in the reclaimed soils was due to the internal pollutants of dredging fills and originated from anthropogenic sources.     

南阳市城区地下水系统划分及供水意义

根据地层、水文地质条件等,把南阳市城区地下水划分为浅层、中深层、深层和超深层四个含水系统,提出分别作为城市工业冷却水、生活饮用水、天然矿泉水和医疗热矿水水源的分层开发观点.     

Exploring spatiotemporal patterns and physical controls of soil moisture at various spatial scales

Soil moisture variability of various spatial scales is analyzed based on empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method using soil moisture datasets with various spatial resolutions: 1 km eco-hydrological model simulation, 0.25° passive microwave (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System, AMSR-E) dataset, and 0.5° land surface model simulation from Climate Predictor Center (CPC). All three datasets generate EOFs that explain similar variances with those generated from in situ observations from agro-meteorological network. Using AMSR-E product and eco-hydrological model simulation, it is found that the primary spatial pattern of soil moisture obtained from watershed scale has a strong connection to topographic attributes, followed by soil texture and rainfall variability, as suggested by the correlation between the primary EOF mode (EOF1) of soil moisture and landscape attributes. However, the EOF analysis of both AMSR-E and CPC datasets at regional scale reaches the conclusion that soil texture indices, such as sand and clay content, is of higher importance to soil moisture EOF1 spatial pattern (explaining 61 % variance) than topography is. Furthermore, correlation between soil moisture EOF1 and soil property is higher in spring than in autumn, which indicates that soil water-holding and drainage capabilities are more important under dry conditions. At national scale, the combined effects of topographic feature and soil property are clearly exhibited in EOF1. The study results reveal that different emphases should be placed on accurate acquisition of landscape attributes for soil moisture estimation according to various spatial scales.     

中国1980—2019年1 m土层贮水量的时空变化特征分析

土壤剖面水分信息比表层土壤水分信息难以获取,但对全面认识整个土层的水分含量至关重要。融合多源数据是估算区域土壤剖面水分的有效途径。本文采用随机森林回归算法,利用中国实测土壤水分数据建立了不同季节的表层-深层土壤水分关系模型。据此采用ESA CCI SM遥感表层土壤水分产品估算获得了中国1980—2019年0~10、0~20、0~30、0~40、0~50、0~60、0~70、0~80、0~90和0~100 cm 共10个深度层次土壤水分的时空变化特征。ESA CCI SM产品与实测数据整体上匹配较好但普遍高估,本文提出采用饱和含水量和凋萎系数信息对其进行值域控制,有效降低了该产品的高估误差。随机森林回归模型的精度在秋季最高,夏季和春季次之,冬季最低。模型对干带土壤水分的估算最准确,暖温带和冷温带次之,青藏带准确性最低。计算了中国10个深度层次的土壤贮水量,其多年平均值和标准差分别为1.64±0.11、3.50±0.21、5.29±0.30、7.13±0.38、10.04±0.46、12.25±0.54、14.47±0.62、16.75±0.69、19.05±0.76和21.36±0.83 cm。各深度的土壤水分呈明显的分层,即波动层（0~40 cm）、跃变层（40~60 cm）和稳定层（60~100 cm）。中国1m土层贮水量呈自西北向东北和东南方向递增的分布格局,寒旱区该值较低且空间变异明显,暖湿区该值较高且空间分布更均一。热带、干带和青藏带的1 m土层贮水量在夏季最高,暖温带和冷温带该值在夏季最低。近40年来中国1m土层贮水量在空间上“湿区愈湿,干区愈干”,在时间上“湿季愈湿,干季愈干”。热带土壤在2004—2009年显著变湿,干带土壤显著变湿和变干的转折年份分别为1985—1986年和2013—2014年。中国1m土层贮水量序列最常见的周期是5年和11年。     

贵州石漠化地区降雨条件下红粘土剪切强度特性随含水量变化关系探讨

西南喀斯特地区的石漠化已经严重影响了人民正常的生产生活。水土流失是石漠化过程中一个关键环节。喀斯特地区地表广泛覆盖的红粘土在降雨条件下随着含水量的增加和人工垦殖的影响,剪切强度会产生变化,更易发生水土流失。本文以贵州普定石漠化研究区（陈旗村）的红粘土为例,以原状土模拟未经扰动的土样,以重塑土来模拟经过开垦被扰动后的土样,设计了原状土和重塑土在不同含水量下的直剪试验,初步地研究了这一变化规律。结果表明:在含水量大于35%时,石漠化地区红粘土粘聚力和内摩擦角均随着含水量的增加显著降低;在同一含水量水平下,原状土的抗剪强度明显优于重塑土,且随着含水量的增加,重塑土的强度衰减较之原状土快许多,表明了经过人工垦殖后的红粘土在降雨条件下更易发生水土流失。