Thermochemical and pressure-volume-temperature systematics of data on solids,examples: Tungsten and MgO

Data systematization using the constraints from the equation $$Cp = Cv + \alpha _P {}^2V_T K_T T$$ where C _p, C _v, α _p, K _T and V are respectively heat capacity at constant pressure, heat capacity at constant volume, isobaric thermal expansion, isothermal bulk modulus and molar volume, has been performed for tungsten and MgO. The data are $$K_T (W) = 1E - 5/(3.1575E - 12 + 1.6E - 16T + 3.1E - 20T^2 )$$ $$\alpha _P (W) = 9.386E - 6 + 5.51E - 9T$$ $$C_P (W) = 24.1 + 3.872E - 3T - 12.42E - 7T^2 + 63.96E - 11T^3 - 89000T^{ - 2} $$ $$K_T (MgO) = 1/(0.59506E - 6 + 0.82334E - 10T + 0.32639E - 13T^2 + 0.10179E - 17T^3 $$ $$\alpha _P (MgO) = 0.3754E - 4 + 0.7907E - 8T - 0.7836/T^2 + 0.9148/T^3 $$ $$C_P (MgO) = 43.65 + 0.54303E - 2T - 0.16692E7T^{ - 2} + 0.32903E4T^{ - 1} - 5.34791E - 8T^2 $$ For the calculation of pressure-volume-temperature relation, a high temperature form of the Birch-Murnaghan equation is proposed $$P = 3K_T (1 + 2f)^{5/2} (1 + 2\xi f)$$ Where $$K_T = 1/(b_0 + b_1 T + b_2 T^2 + b_3 T^3 )$$ $$f = (1/2)\{ [V(1,T)/V(P,T)]^{2/3} - 1\} $$ $$\xi = ({3 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 4}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 4})[K'_0 + K'_1 \ln ({T \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {T {300}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {300}}) - 4]$$ where in turn $$V(1,T) = V_0 [\exp (\int\limits_{300}^T {\alpha dT)]} $$ . The temperature dependence of the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus (K′₁) is estimated by using the shock-wave data. For tungsten the data are K′₀ = 3.5434, K′₁ = 0.032; for MgO K′₀ = 4.17 and K′₁ = 0.1667. For calculating the Gibbs free energy of a solid at high pressure and at temperatures beyond that of melting at 1 atmosphere, it is necessary to define a high-temperature reference state for the fictive solid.     

A distributed parallel multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method on general-purpose graphics processing units for the rapid and scalable computation of absolute permeability from high-resolution 3D micro-CT images

Digital rock physics (DRP) is a rapidly evolving technology targeting fast turnaround times for repeatable core analysis and multi-physics simulation of rock properties. We develop and validate a rapid and scalable distributed-parallel single-phase pore-scale flow simulator for permeability estimation on real 3D pore-scale micro-CT images using a novel variant of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The LBM code implementation is designed to take maximum advantage of distributed computing on multiple general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs). We describe and extensively test the distributed parallel implementation of an innovative LBM algorithm for simulating flow in pore-scale media based on the multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) model that utilizes a precise treatment of body force. While the individual components of the resulting simulator can be separately found in various references, our novel contributions are (1) the integration of all of the mathematical and high-performance computing components together with a highly optimized code implementation and (2) the delivery of quantitative results with the simulator in terms of robustness, accuracy, and computational efficiency for a variety of flow geometries including various types of real rock images. We report on extensive validations of the simulator in terms of accuracy and provide near-ideal distributed parallel scalability results on large pore-scale image volumes that were largely computationally inaccessible prior to our implementation. We validate the accuracy of the MRT-LBM simulator on model geometries with analytical solutions. Permeability estimation results are then provided on large 3D binary microstructures including a sphere pack and rocks from various sandstone and carbonate formations. We quantify the scalability behavior of the distributed parallel implementation of MRT-LBM as a function of model type/size and the number of utilized GPGPUs for a panoply of permeability estimation problems.     

Fictive component model of pyroxenes and multicomponent phase equilibria

Pyroxenes are considered as ideal solid solutions of some real components (e.g. diopside or orthoenstatite) and some fictive or hypothetical components (e.g. orthodiopside or orthohedenbergite). Using the reversed experimental data in the CaO-MgO-SiO₂ system, the Gibbs free energy of formation of fictive orthodiopside and of fictive clinoenstatite have been determined in the temperature range of 1,000 to 1,600 °K. The data on free energies of components in the binary system can be used to extend the fictive component model to the ternary CaSiO₃-MgSiO₃-FeSiO₃ system. Using published phase diagrams on the pyroxene quadrilateral, Gibbs free energy of formation of fictive orthohedenbergite has been calculated. Application of the ideally mixing fictive component model to computation of phase equilibria leads to the determination of compositions of coexisting Fe-Mg-Ca pyroxenes at different temperatures.Abbreviations and symbols G _f ⁰ Gibbs free energy of formation from the elements at 1 bar and temperature - G ^Ex excess free energy of mixing in a solution - G molar Gibbs free energy - R gas constant - H enthalpy - S entropy - T absolute temperature - P pressure - KJ/M kilojoules per mole - j joules - Opx orthopyroxene - Cpx clinopyroxene - H hedenbergite - D diopside - E enstatite - F ferrosilite - X mole fraction - K equilibrium constant     

The solani-ganga interfluve; an application of remote sensing technique on soil resource mapping for agricultural planning

The area of the Solani-Ganga interfluve, which lies between 29°16′N to 30°15′N latitude and 77°45′E to 78°15′E longitude was undertaken for the present study using LANDSAT imagery of band 5 and 7 and the false colour composite on the scale of 1:250,000 in combination with aerial photographs (1:25,000). Major geomorphic units, e.g., Siwalik Hills. Solani-upper alluvial plain, Solani lower alluvial plain, ‘Tarai’ and Ganga alluvial plain were delineated on LANDSAT and colour composite. Sample areas selected from LANDSAT were studied on aerial photographs in details and soil physiography relationship was developed. The soils on Siwalik hills are classified as Orthents. The soils of the pledmont plain and the recent terraces of Solani river and its tributaries were Psamments, Orthents, Fluvents, Orchrepts and Aquepts. The soils of upper alluvial tract of the Ganga plain is mostly Ustalfs with inclusion of Aqualfs, while the strong hydromorphic Tarai tract consists of partly Aquepts, Ochrepts (cultivated) and partly of Aquolls, Ustolls and Ustalfs (under forest). The present study aims to pin point the nature of soil relief relationship with the help of LANDSAT imagery and aerial photographs and diagnose the intensity of the depletion of soil resources (by prevailing factors like swift run off of biykderfed torrents, fast-flow of ground water, soil creep, mass wasting) through field studies and then treat them with ecological dose of soil conservation. For agronomic development of the region, it is worked out that the present crop-combination and crop-rotation systems should be slightly modified according to its ecosystem to prevent the depletion of soil nutrients.     

Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds

Although organic compounds typically constitute a substantial fraction of the fine particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere, their molecular composition remains poorly characterized. This is largely because atmospheric particles contain a myriad of diverse organic compounds, not all of which extract in a single solvent or elute through a gas chromatograph; therefore, a substantial portion typically remains unanalyzed. Most often the chemical analysis is performed on a fraction that extracts in organic solvents such as benzene, ether or hexane; consequently, information on the molecular composition of the water-soluble fraction is particularly sparse and incomplete.This paper investigates theoretically the characteristics of the water-soluble fraction by splicing together various strands of information from the literature. We identify specific compounds that are likely to contribute to the water-soluble fraction by juxtaposing observations regarding the extraction characteristics and the molecular composition of atmospheric particulate organics with compound-specific solubility and condensibility for a wide variety of organics. The results show that water-soluble organics, which constitute a substantial fraction of the total organic mass, include C2 to C7 multifunctional compounds (e.g., diacids, polyols, amino acids). The importance of diacids is already recognized; our results provide an impetus for new experiments to establish the atmospheric concentrations and sources of polyols, amino acids and other oxygenated multifunctional compounds.     

Statistical chemistry of calcic amphiboles

Principal components analysis is used to study the chemistry of 639 calcic amphiboles. Eigenvectors representing multiple partial correlation coefficients give various sets of substitutional relationships. The relative significance of each set can be noted by the percent variation of the data it represents. The highest percent variation (36%) is associated with the substitutions $$Si + Mg \rightleftharpoons Al^{IV} + Al^{VI} + Ti + Fe^{3 + } + Fe^{2 + } + Na + K$$ . Other expected substitutions among the ions such as Al^IV + Na ? Si, the positive correlation between Al^IV and Al^VI etc. are shown statistically. The substitution of Al in T ₁ and T ₂ positions imposes an ordering in the M ₁, M ₂ and M ₃ sites. Variability of OH in the amphiboles is found to be significant. There is no definite correlation between OH and Fe³⁺ but OH and Ti are positively correlated. Under certain conditions and provided the concentration of Al^IV does not change significantly, Fe and Mg may be assumed to mix ideally in the amphibole solid solution.     

Assessment of sedimentation in harakud reservoir using digital remote sensing technique

As per recommendations of Working Group for National Action for Reservoir Sedimentation Assessment, National Institute of Hydrology has taken up study on sedimentation for 25 reservoirs in India during X plan period using remote sensing technique. One such study for Hirakud reservoir in Mahanadi basin in Orissa for year 1999–2001 is described here. Reservoir’s original utilizable and gross volumes were 5818 and 8136 M m³, respectively. Minimum draw down level (MDDL) and full reservoir level (FRL) for reservoir are 179.83 and 192.02 m, respectively. Linear Imaging Self Scanning (LISS)- III data of Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) 1C and 1D, covering elevation range between 180.68 and 191.89 m, were used. Rule based classification was applied to ‘water index’ and radiances of near infrared band to determine water spread area. Revised live storage capacity was 4842 M m³. The silt index for the live storage area was 2.623 ha m (100 km² year)^-1 (0.376 % of live storage or 21.9 M m³ year^-1). Total live storage lost in sedimentation was 984 M m³ (16.90 % of live storage).     

Study of fractional vegetation cover using high spectral resolution data

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of vegetation cover on soil spectra and relationship of spectral indices with vegetation cover. Multi-date spectral measurements were carried out on twelve wheat fields. Five sets of measurements were taken during the growth period of wheat crop. Field reflectance data were collected in the range 350 to 1800 nm using ASD spectroradiometer. Analysis of data was done to select narrow spectral bands for estimation of ground cover. The ratio of reflectance from vegetation covered soil and reflectance from bare soil indicated that spectral reflectance at 670 and 710 nm are the most sensitive bands. Two bands in visible (670 and 560 nm), three bands in near infrared (710, 870 and 1100 nm) and three bands in middle infrared (1480, 1700 and 1800 nm) were found highly correlated with fractional cover. Vegetation indices developed using narrow band spectral data have been found to be better than those developed using broad- band data for estimation of ground cover.     

Enstatite-diopside solvus and geothermometry

The enstatite-diopside solvus presents certain interesting thermodynamic and crystal-structural problems. The solvus may be considered as parts of two solvi one with the ortho-structure and the other with clino-structure. By assuming the standard free energy change for the two reactions (MgMgSi₂O₆)opx ? (MgMgSi₂O₆)cpx and (CaMgSi₂O₆) opx ? (CaMgSi₂O₆) cpx as 500 and 1 000 to 3 000 cal/mol respectively, it is possible to calculate the regular solution parameter W for orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. These W's essentially refer to mixing on M2 sites. The expression for the equilibrium constant by assuming ideal mixing for Fe-Mg, Fe-Ca and non-ideal mixing for Ca-Mg on binary M1 and ternary M2 sites is given by 1 $$K_a = \frac{{X_{{\text{Mg - cpx}}}^{{\text{M1}}} X_{{\text{Mg - cpx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} \exp \left[ {\frac{{W_{{\text{cpx}}} }}{{RT}}\left\{ {X_{{\text{Ca - cpx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} \left( {X_{{\text{Ca - cpx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} + X_{{\text{Fe - cpx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} } \right)} \right\}} \right]}}{{X_{{\text{Mg - cpx}}}^{{\text{M1}}} X_{{\text{Mg - opx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} \exp \left[ {\frac{{W_{{\text{cpx}}} }}{{RT}}\left\{ {X_{{\text{Ca - opx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} \left( {X_{{\text{Ca - opx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} + X_{{\text{Fe - opx}}}^{{\text{M2}}} } \right)} \right\}} \right]}}$$ where X's are site occupancies, R is 1.987 and T is temperature in ^oK. Temperature of pyroxene crystallization may be estimated by substituting for T in the above equation until the equation ?RT In K _a=500 is satisfied. The shortcomings of this method are the incomplete standard free energy data on the end member components and the absence of site occupancy data in pyroxenes at high temperatures. The assumed free energy data do, however, show the possible extent of inaccuracy in temperature estimates resulting from the neglect of Mg-Ca non ideality.     

Land use pattern of upper tons catchment district,Uttarkashi, U. P.

Aerial Photographs of 1:50,000 scale pertaining to Tons Catchment were used for generating a land use map showing cultivated lands, forests land, grass land, barren land with rock outcrops, snow and glaciers. The area was divided into 4 altitudinal Zones. More than 81% lies above 3000 m height and should be left for natural regeneration. Cultivated land occupies 4.97% of the area and is concentrated below 3000 m altitudinal zone and lies along river courses and on river terraces. Distribution of forest lands in altitudinal zone indicates that percent area covered under forest is higher than the average distribution of forest as reported by Seth (1978). Grass and open scrub, barren Innd with rock outcrops, glaciers and snow covered areas occupy 6.8%, 18.1%, 16.5% and 28.0% respectively.