利用长期的地震存档资料进行近实时双差事件定位及对北加州的应用

介绍了一种利用互相关和双差方法快速对新地震事件相对于过去已精确定位的事件进行高精度重定位的实时方法。本方法自动将新事件的波形记录与它附近发生过的已归档事件进行互相关,以精确测量震相到时的差分。利用双差算法将这些数据以及从到时拾取中计算出的延迟时间,转换成新事件与它相邻事件的相对位置向量。利用来自北加州地震台网（NCSN）和北加州地震数据中心近实时的数据,及当地储存的北加州地震台网地震档案的拷贝等数据,将这项新的监测技术应用于加州北部的地震记录。与加州北部高分辨率双差地震目录相关的新的事件将被进行近实时（几十秒内）自动重新定位。利用北加州已发生的事件进行逆向测试,结果显示实时双差定位结果水平向的分辨率平均为0.08km,深度方向为0.24km。研究发现,因为地震记录的密度会持续增加及数字地震档案的积累,利用本方法定位新事件的精度随着时间的推移将不断地得以改善。实时双差地震定位能以前所未有的分辨力来监测活动断层在孕震特征上的时空变化,因此它在快速评估及减轻地震灾害的过程中具有显著的社会和经济效应。     

Double-difference relocation of earthquakes in central-western China, 1992–1999

The double-difference earthquake location algorithm was applied to the relocation of 10,057 earthquakes that occurred in central-western China (21^∘N to 36^∘N, 98^∘E to 111^∘E) during the period from 1992 to 1999. In total, 79,706 readings for P waves and 72,169 readings for S waves were used in the relocation. The relocated seismicity (6,496 earthquakes) images fault structures at seismogenic depths that are in close correlation with the tectonic structure of major fault systems expressed at the surface. The new focal depths confirm that most earthquakes (91%) in this region occur at depths less than 20 km.     

东太平洋海隆轴向热液流动的地震识别

洋中脊轴上的热液循环影响岩石层及上覆海水的化学性质,供养着化合生物群,也是岩石层向海水传递热量的媒介(Slater et al,1980;Stein and Stein,1994;Elderfield and Schultz,1996)。通常认为这个系统中的热液流起源于洋中脊扩张轴处,并由一些离扩张轴较远的断层补给(Lowelletal,1995;Kelley et al,2002;Fisher,2003),但热液系统的结构和规模通常不能直接观察到,而是通过由地球物理条件约束的热模型和地球化学模型推断得到的(Johnson et al,1993;Dunn et al,2000;Lowell and Yao,2002)。使用发生的微震也许能通过揭示热裂缝区说明热液的流动路径,在这些裂缝区域冷水从地壳热岩石中获得热量,另外,一些由岩浆及构造应力作用造成的裂隙增大了这些区域的孔隙度和渗透性。本文指出,东太平洋海隆上得到很好研究的热液喷口场之下的震源群集于一小尺度轴向不连续面附近的垂向管状区域和轴向岩浆房正上方的带内。该浅层管状群集相对于这一段洋脊上热液喷口的分布和温度的位置表明,热液补充量集中在那里是构造破裂引起渗...     

The Applicability of Modern Methods of Earthquake Location

We compare traditional methods of seismic event location, based on phase pick data and analysis of events one-at-a-time, with a modern method based on cross-correlation measurements and joint analysis of numerous events. In application to four different regions representing different types of seismicity and monitored with networks of different station density, we present preliminary results indicating what fraction of seismic events may be amenable to analysis with modern methods. The latter can supply locations ten to a hundred times more precise than traditional methods. Since good locations of seismic sources are needed as the starting point for so many user communities, and potentially can be provided due to current improvements in easily-accessible computational capability, we advocate wide-scale application of modern methods in the routine production of bulletins of seismicity. This effort requires access to waveform archives from well-calibrated stations that have long operated at the same location.