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Phosphorus transport in shallow groundwater in peri-urban Kampala, Uganda: results from field and laboratory measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To understand Phosphorus (P) sources and transport processes in the subsurface in Bwaise III Parish, Kampala, P attenuation
and adsorption capacities of soils were studied in situ and from laboratory measurements. Relationships between sorption parameters
and soil matrix properties, rates and mechanism of the adsorption process and soil P fractions were also investigated. P was
generally higher in the wet than the dry season, but for both seasons, the maximum was 5 mgP/l. P transport mechanisms appeared
to be a combination of adsorption, precipitation, leaching from the soil media and by colloids with the latter two playing
an important role in the wet season. The sorption process comprised two phases with the first stage rate constants being about
fourfold those of the second stage. The Langmuir isotherm described the sorption data well (R
2 ≥ 0.95) with the second soil layer exhibiting the highest sorption maximum (C
max) (average value 0.6 ± 0.17 mgP/gDW). The best prediction of C
max had organic carbon, Ca, available P and soil pH. Residual P consisting mostly of organics was the main fraction in all the
layers followed by inorganic HCl-P and NaOH-P in the top and middle layers, respectively. Loosely bound P (NH4Cl-P) was the least fraction (<0.4% of total P) in all layers indicating the high binding capacity of P by the soils. The
study results suggest that P dynamics is related to Ca, Fe and organic carbon content of the soils. 相似文献
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Shem O. Wandiga Maggie Opondo Daniel Olago Andrew Githeko Faith Githui Michael Marshall Tim Downs Alfred Opere Christopher Oludhe Gilbert O. Ouma Pius Z. Yanda Richard Kangalawe Robert Kabumbuli James Kathuri Eugene Apindi Lydia Olaka Laban Ogallo Paul Mugambi Rehema Sigalla Robinah Nanyunja Timothy Baguma Pius Achola 《Climatic change》2010,99(3-4):473-497
Endemic malaria in most of the hot and humid African climates is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In the last twenty or so years the incidence of malaria has been aggravated by the resurgence of highland malaria epidemics which hitherto had been rare. A close association between malaria epidemics and climate variability has been reported but not universally accepted. Similarly, the relationship between climate variability, intensity of disease mortality and morbidity coupled with socio-economic factors has been mooted. Analyses of past climate (temperature and precipitation), hydrological and health data (1961–2001), and socio-economics status of communities from the East African highlands confirm the link between climate variability and the incidence and severity of malaria epidemics. The communities in the highlands that have had less exposure to malaria are more vulnerable than their counterparts in the lowlands due to lack of clinical immunity. However, the vulnerability of human health to climate variability is influenced by the coping and adaptive capacities of an individual or community. Surveys conducted among three communities in the East African highlands reveal that the interplay of poverty and other socio-economic variables have intensified the vulnerability of these communities to the impacts of malaria. 相似文献
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Richard Taylor Callist Tindimugaya John Barker David Macdonald Robinah Kulabako 《Ground water》2010,48(2):284-294
Deeply weathered crystalline rock aquifer systems comprising unconsolidated saprolite and underlying fractured bedrock (saprock) underlie 40% of sub-Saharan Africa. The vulnerability of this aquifer system to contamination, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas, remains poorly understood. In order to assess solute and viral transport in saprolite derived from Precambrian gneiss, forced-gradient tracer experiments using chloride and Escherichia coli phage ΦX174 were conducted in southeastern Uganda. The bacteriophage tracer was largely unrecovered; adsorption to the weathered crystalline rock matrix is inferred and enabled by the low pH (5.7) of site ground water and the bacteriophage's relatively high isoelectric point (pI = 6.6). Detection of the applied ΦX174 phage in the pumping well discharge at early times during the experiment traces showed, however, that average ground water flow velocities exceed that of the inert solute tracer, chloride. This latter finding is consistent with observations in other hydrogeological environments where statistically extreme sets of microscopic flow velocities are considered to transport low numbers of fecal pathogens and their proxies along a selected range of linked ground water pathways. Application of a radial advection-dispersion model with an exponentially decaying source term to the recovered chloride tracer estimates a dispersivity (α) of 0.8 ± 0.1 m over a distance of 4.15 m. Specific yield (Sy) is estimated to be 0.02 from volume balance calculations based on tracer experiments. As single-site observations, our estimates of saprolite Sy and α are tentative but provide a starting point for assessing the vulnerability of saprolite aquifers in sub-Saharan Africa to contamination and estimating quantitatively the impact of climate and abstraction on ground water storage. 相似文献
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