Revised runoff curve number for runoff prediction in the Loess Plateau of China

The soil conservation service (now Natural Resources Conservation Service) Curve Number (SCS-CN), one of the most commonly used methods for surface runoff prediction. The runoff calculated by this method was very sensitive to CN values. In this study, CN values were calculated by both arithmetic mean (CN_C) and least square fit method (CN_F) using observed rainfall-runoff data from 43 sites in the Loess Plateau region, which are considerably different from the CN₂ values obtained from the USDA-SCS handbook table (CN_T). The results showed that using CN_C instead of CN_T for each watershed produce little improvement, while replacing CN_T with CN_F improves the performance of the original SCS-CN method, but still performs poorly in most study sites. This is mainly due to the SCS-CN method using a constant CN value and discounting of the temporal variation in rainfall-runoff process. Therefore, three factors—soil moisture, rainfall depth and intensity—affecting the surface runoff variability are considered to reflect the variation of CN in each watershed, and a new CN value was developed. The reliability of the proposed method was tested with data from 38 watersheds, and then applied to the remaining five typical watersheds using the optimized parameters. The results indicated that the proposed method, which boosted the model efficiencies to 81.83% and 74.23% during calibration and validation cases, respectively, performed better than the original SCS-CN and the Shi and Wang (2020b) method, a modified SCS-CN method based on tabulated CN value. Thus, the proposed method incorporating the influence of the temporal variability of soil moisture, rainfall depth, and intensity factors suggests an accurate runoff prediction for general applications under different hydrological and climatic conditions on the Loess Plateau region.     

Evolution of the shape parameter in the Weibull distribution for brittle rocks under uniaxial compression

Applying the statistical damage theory based on the Weibull distribution to describe rock deformation and failure processes is an important development in rock mechanics. The shape parameter of the Weibull distribution, m, determines the basic shape of the distribution curve; additionally, it also represents a physical characteristic which can be applied when constructing rock constitutive models. To study the evolution of m during rock failure when applying the Weibull distribution to rock mechanics, uniaxial cyclic loading tests of shale specimens were conducted and previous rock mechanics experiments under different temperatures and loading rates were reviewed. The results indicate that m varied with the accumulation of damage but was almost constant between the volume expansion point and the peak strength point of each specimen. Combined with previous studies about the accelerated failure behavior of rocks, we conclude that between the volume expansion point and the peak strength point, the mechanical behavior of the rock fracture process did not change significantly. Based on the characteristics of m at different damage stages during the rock failure process, ranges of m values at different damage stages are proposed. The conclusions reached in this study may be used as an important reference for theoretical research on rock mechanics.     

淮南深部地球物理实验场重力噪声水平初步分析

利用淮南深部地球物理实验场地下848 m巷道内的Burris弹簧重力仪和地表LCR-ET20弹簧重力仪同期连续重力潮汐观测资料,对实验场地表和地下重力噪声水平进行了初步分析.分析结果表明在频率小于1.70 mHz(对应周期约为9.8 min)时,地下重力噪声水平都要比地表低;特别是在重力仪敏感的信号频段(周期大于3h的信号频段),地下848 m巷道内的重力噪声水平要比地表低约2个数量级,充分验证了实验场地下观测环境具有低重力噪声水平的超静特点.实验结果证明淮南深部地球物理实验场地下848 m巷道可为深地多物理场观测提供超静观测环境,为检测微弱地球物理场信号提供绝佳观测条件.     

结合邻域信息和结构特征的遥感影像变化检测

为提高像元级变化检测方法的精度,提出一种结合邻域信息和结构特征的遥感影像变化检测方法.该方法涵盖邻域相关影像(neighborhood correlation image,NCI)、匹配误差和结构特征3种属性特征.首先,通过邻域相关分析技术获得表示上下文信息的邻域相关影像,利用邻域间像素的互相关性进行模板匹配获得匹配误差.然后,基于方向梯度信息提取能抵抗影像间光谱差异的结构特征.随后将邻域相关影像、匹配误差、结构特征作为决策树的分类属性,获取初始变化检测结果.最后,利用马尔可夫随机场(Markov random field,MRF)对其进行优化,获得最终的二值变化图.本文通过采用两组不同传感器的双时相遥感影像进行试验.结果表明,相较于采用变化向量分析法(change vector analysis,CVA)、单一邻域信息法及邻域信息和纹理特征相结合的方法,本文方法有效提高了变化检测的精度.     

山东省基于天地图的测绘成果目录服务系统研究与建设

介绍了基于天地图山东的测绘成果目录服务系统的特点、结构和功能。该系统的建设提高了测绘公共服务能力和水平,实现了基础测绘成果高效管理,推动了测绘成果社会化应用,促进了测绘成果管理信息化的进程,提高了山东省基础测绘成果分发服务水平与效率。     

基于散乱点集的规则格网构建方法

数字高程模型(DEM)是地理信息系统(GIS)重要的空间地理信息,是地理信息系统(GIS)进行地形分析的核心数据。模型构建方法的选择是数字高程模型的核心问题,它直接影响数字高程模型的质量,贯穿于数字高程模型生产制作的全过程。数字高程模型有三种数据结构形式:规则格网数据结构、不规则三角网结构和等高线结构。在通常的使用中,规则格网形式的数字高程模型是使用最为广泛的一种,也是建立最为容易的。为此,本文着重对规则格网的构建方法中的内插方法进行了探讨。     

改进Faster R-CNN的遥感图像多尺度飞机目标检测

为了提高遥感图像中多尺度飞机目标的检测精度,本文提出一种基于改进Faster R-CNN的遥感图像飞机目标检测方法。该方法借助多层级融合结构,将深层次的语义特征与浅层次的细节特征相结合,生成多种尺度的既具有精确的位置信息又具有深层次的语义特征的特征图;再借助Faster R-CNN的多尺度RPN（Region Proposal Network）机制,通过对RPN中候选区域尺度的修正,从而提高遥感图像中多尺度飞机目标的定位精度;最后利用Faster R-CNN的分类回归网络,得到飞机目标检测结果。在高分辨率遥感图像中进行了实验,对3种特征提取网络ZF、VGG-16以及ResNet-50进行改进,改进后的精度分别提高了11.34%、9.87%以及1.66%,并且生成的检测框更加贴合飞机目标。实验结果表明,本文方法适用于遥感图像多尺度飞机目标检测,在提高目标定位精度的同时降低了目标漏检现象。     

超导重力仪台站背景噪声水平评估及信号提取

正超导重力仪台站的背景噪声水平是评价观测数据质量和台站观测环境优良水平的一个关键指标,可以为台站选址、仪器校正以及观测数据用于地球动力学研究的潜力评估提供必要的前提和依据。另一方面,超导重力仪可以探测到许多微弱的地球动力学信号,有些信号甚至"藏"于背景噪声中,对这些信号的检测和研究有助于了解地球内部结构及各种地球动力学过程。本文详细研究了超导重力仪台站背景噪声水平的评估方法,基于该     

常量元素记录的毛乌素沙地东南缘全新世气候变化

毛乌素沙地处于中国季风边缘的半干旱区,对气候变化响应敏感,是研究过去全球气候变化的理想场所。对沙地东南缘锦界剖面全新统砂质黄土-古风成砂-古土壤互层沉积序列进行研究,在OSL测年基础上,通过沉积物常量元素氧化物含量及其比值分析,结合粒度、磁化率特征,探讨了毛乌素沙地东南缘7.9ka BP以来气候变化。结果表明：（1）地层常量元素氧化物以SiO₂和Al₂O₃为主,其他元素含量依次为Na₂O、K₂O、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO。各种元素活动性不同,K、Na活动性较强,易淋失;Si活动性较稳定,风成砂中易富集;Ca、Mg、Al、Fe活动性较弱,古土壤中富集。（2）7.9ka BP以来气候变化分为6个阶段。7.9～7.3 ka最温暖湿润时段;7.3～6.8 ka,气候转冷干;6.8～4.3 ka,整体上温暖湿润,期间存在2次由暖湿变冷干的波动,并出现过6次风沙活动,即6.6～6.3、6.1、5.9、5.7～5.5、5.3～5.0、4.7～4.4 ka;4.3～2.5ka BP,气候转冷干;2.5～1.8ka BP出现过短暂湿润期,但暖湿程度不及全新世中期;1.8ka BP以来气候渐趋干旱并接近现代气候。（3）全新世气候变化与毗邻的萨拉乌苏河流域、浑善达克沙地等记录的气候变化具有很好的一致性,这是通过东亚冬夏季风强弱消长变化对全球变化的区域响应。