Use of the population potential model for predicting the growth of cities in a region (with reference to Moscow Oblast)

"A modification of the population potential model is used to analyze the structure of the potential of population for cities of the Moscow region, to develop a relationship between population potential and city size, and to use this procedure to forecast future population change in Moscow Oblast cities." Cities in the region with a population of 50,000 or more at the censuses of 1959, 1970, and 1979 are included.     

Changes in biodiversity of the extremely polluted Golden Horn Estuary following the improvements in water quality

Long-term biological data supported by physicochemical parameters were evaluated to investigate the biodiversity of the Golden Horn Estuary from the past to the present. Limited observations dating back to 60 years ago indicated the existence of a diverse community in this small estuary. Unfortunately, in parallel with the increase in unplanned settlements and industry around the Golden Horn, pollution stress increased since the 1960s. Preliminary studies in the 1990s indicated survival of only a couple of pollution-resistant species, in the relatively cleaner lower estuary. Following the intensification of rehabilitation studies in 1998 and particularly after the opening of the floating bridge at the mid estuary; a remarkable day-by-day recovery in marine life has begun with the improving water quality. Nutrient concentrations decreased markedly; while water clarity significantly increased. Fecal coliform values decreased 10(3) fold. Phytoplankton composition changed and dense blooms of eukaryotic phytoplankters frequently occurred. Hydrogen sulfide almost completely disappeared even during the warmest periods of the year and dissolved oxygen concentrations increased. All results clearly depicted that the Golden Horn ecosystem shifted to eutrophic conditions from an anoxic environment. SCUBA dives in 2002, documented the level of diversification of life in the Golden Horn. All appropriate substratums were intensely covered by macrobenthic forms until the Halic Bridge and filter feeders dominated the plankton-rich ecosystem. Achieving the diversity of 1940s is not possible since the Black and Marmara seas, influencing water quality of the Golden Horn, are also suffering from anthropogenic impacts and are far less diverse than their rich diversity in 1940s. However, the Golden Horn is a good example that even the most polluted ecosystems can recover when appropriate measures are taken.     

ANALYSIS OF FOLDS SOUTH OF MALAKAND AND ADJOINING AREAS, NORTH PAKISTAN

ANALYSIS OF FOLDS SOUTH OF MALAKAND AND ADJOINING AREAS, NORTH PAKISTAN1　Can啨ｒｏｔＪ,QuG .CuadernosdeGeologiaiberica ,1998,2 4:311～ 331. 2　DebelmasJ,MascleG .EnsSciencesdelaTerre[M ].Masson ,ed .1991.2 99.3　GaetaniM ,GarzantiE .AAPGBull ,1991,75 (9) :142 7～ 144 6 . 4　HendrixMS ,GrahamSA ,CarrollAR ,etal.GeolSocAmBull,1992 ,10 4:5 3～ 79.. 5　Jia ,Coll.PetroleumIndustryPress,Beijing .1997,2 95 . 6　JiaD ,LuHCaiD ,etal.AAPGBull ,8…     

用f—k技术分析NORESS台阵和单台资料以识别近台和近源的散射源

对高频ＮＯＲＥＳＳ台阵接收的人工爆破和天然地震的短周期记录进行ｆ－ｋ分析的结果表明,续至波来自于接近国西南约２５～３０ｋｍ处。应用从台阵记录中减去波束形成而得到的残差地震记录,改进了识别相同散射的效果。将针对后面波至的窗口与针对初动Ｐ波窗口相对于慢度值的ｆ－ｋ功率相减（归－化以后）而得到的ｆ－ｋ功率差图,提供了几乎相同的结果。续至波源好象是短周期的面波Ｒｇ,它是由ｆ－ｋ功率差图,提供了几乎相同的结     

通过塞米巴拉金斯克的低当量爆炸研究NORESS台阵的远震事件检测

布设在挪威的小孔径台阵NORESS是为改进高频段(1～15Hz)信噪比而设计的。虽然它的主要目的是增强检测和特征化区域距离上的弱地震事件的能力,但还发现这种台阵对于研究远震事件也是非常有效的,尤其是用在欧亚大陆。这主要有两方面的原因:(1)由于高Q值路径,欧亚地震和爆炸记录一般有较高的主频,通常在1.5～4.0Hz范围内,而该区域的噪声水平较低;(2)在此频率范围内,台阵有特别高的信噪比增益12～14dB(0.6～0.7m_b单位)。 NORESS台阵在线检测效能的分析表明,即使在小震中区内也有大的区域变化。这主要是源区底下的信号集中效应,类似于以前横跨大台阵观测的接收器集中效应。对NORESS记录的塞米巴拉金斯克试验场地下核爆炸的详细研究表明,相对于全球m_b,NORESS有明显的正m_b偏差。其在东部(沙甘河)最高(1.0m_b单位),而在西部(德格连/科尼斯坦)稍低(0.4m_b单位),尽管各区城内相当分散。分析NORESS台阵接收的一组塞米巴拉金斯克低当量核爆炸资料的观测信噪比,参考公开发表的俄文文献中给出的当量,我们估计,在正常的噪声条件下,NORESS台阵能检测到低到0.1kt全偶合的爆炸信号。但由于只有少量的参考事件且其中大量是推断的,给出一个精确的阈值是困难的。需要强调的是,在噪声水平异常高(如在大地震的尾波中)或偶合条件不是很佳(如在完全或部分空解偶)的情况下,这个检测水平是达不到的。还必须注意,事件识别阈值必须高于信号检测阈值。     

川滇活动构造区地震层析成像

应用一种新的地震体波层析成像方法确定川滇活动构造区(98°-105°E,22°-32°N)详细的三维P波速度结构.反演得到研究区0-85 km深度内几个截面上的P波速度图像.结果表明:(1)该地区地壳和上地幔的速度存在明显的横向不均匀性;(2)上地壳速度图像与地表地质特征明显相关,四川盆地呈现低速,高原地带为明显的高速区,沿康滇地轴为显著的高速条带;(3)10-85 km深度的速度图上腾冲火山附近形成一低速柱;(4)中地壳内存在一个大范围的低速层,这与区内人工地震测深所得到的结果基本吻合;(5)大型活动断裂带两侧存在明显的速度差异,而红河断裂带的影像在40 km的速度图上仍十分清楚,甚至到60 km深度还隐约可见,这也许说明红河断裂是切穿地壳的深大断裂;(6)强震位置与活动断裂及速度结构三者之间存在一定的关联性,大部分构造型强震发生在由大的活动断裂勾画的块体边界上,而那些发生在非大断裂附近的强震几乎都集中在下部中地壳存在低速带或由低速带向高速带过渡的位置.下部低速层的存在可能是上部中强地震活动的构造背景.     

美国南加州地壳、上地幔三维P波速度成像-莫霍面起伏的影响

应用南加州地震台网记录的6 347次区域地震的146 422个P波到时数据，并结合其它地震学方法所得到的莫霍面深度资料，在考虑莫霍面起伏变化下，确定了该区0～35 km深度内的精细三维P波速度模型．检测板分辨率实验结果说明了反演结果的可靠性．该模型提供了有关区域结构的重要信息，浅层P波速度结构与地表的地质特征相关，非常准确地反映了山脉盆地、地形地貌的差异；各深度层上的速度结构表现为分块特征，反映了以大型活动断裂为界勾画出的分区，如洛杉矶盆地、文图拉盆地、莫哈韦沙漠、半岛山脉、圣华金山谷、内华达山区及思尔顿凹槽区域整体变化的特征．圣安德列斯断层成为研究区内明显的边界，几个深度层上可以看到两侧的速度存在明显的差异，而横跨该断裂的几个剖面图上则显示了位于断层西南侧的太平洋板块区域速度较高、不均匀性较大，地震活动较深；位于断层东北部的北美板块速度偏低，非均匀性稍弱，地震活动性则较弱．比较平缓莫霍界面和起伏莫霍界面下反演得到的结果可以说明:莫霍界面的起伏对中下地壳层位速度结构的影响是明显的，尤其是在莫霍面深度变化较大的部位，这种影响更为强烈．带莫霍面形状的模型能更精确地计算射线路径和理论到时，从而使反演后的残差更小、结果更精确．