The expression of CYP1A,vitellogenin and zona radiata proteins in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after oral dosing with two commercial PBDE flame retardant mixtures: absence of short-term responses

The short-term effects of the commercial PBDE flame retardant mixtures Penta-BDE and cta-BDE on the expression of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), vitellogenin (Vtg) and zona radiata proteins (Zrp) were investigated in juvenile salmon (Salmo salar). For this purpose, groups of fish were dosed twice (oral intake at days I and 4) with 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight of both commercial mixtures. The fishes were sacrificed at day 7 (n = 5 for each group) and 14 (n = 6 for each group), and blood, liver, fillet, and brain were collected. Blanks and positive controls were also part of the experiment. The expressions of Vtg, Zrp, and CYPIA were measured with several techniques (EROD, ELISA, Western, Northern and Slot Blot). The values in the groups of fish treated with Penta-BDE or Octa-BDE did not significantly differ from the reference group for any of the parameters tested. In contrast, the positive control groups treated with estradiol-17beta for Vtg and Zrp expression, and beta-naphthoflavone for CYP1A expression did show a significant response, indicating the potential sensitivity of the fishes for the parameters measured. Since the results of the chemical analyses showed concentrations of a number of PBDE congeners in liver, fillet, and brain that were about three orders of magnitude above those of fish from the North Sea, it is concluded that the short-term toxicity of both commercial PBDE mixtures for these endpoints was low.     

Cytochrome P450 differences in normal and imposex-affected female whelk Buccinum undatum from the open North Sea

Normal and imposex-affected female Buccinum undatum were sampled from the open North Sea at three locations, one with low, and two with high shipping densities. Cytochrome P450 components and P450 aromatase activity were determined in the microsomal fractions isolated from pooled digestive gland/gonads. Cytochrome P450 aromatase activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in normal females collected in the low shipping density area (1,325 +/- 295 fmol/h/mg protein) than levels from imposex animals from a high shipping density area (620 +/- 287 fmol/h/mg protein). A negative correlation was found between aromatase activity and organotin body burden (r = -0.99). Levels of CYP450, cytochrome b5 and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity did not show differences among groups. This is the first field evidence of depressed aromatase activity in imposex affected females, although additional research under laboratory controlled conditions is required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the development of imposex in this species.     

不同环境下镉对小球藻吸收磷速率的影响

在人工配制的污水中进行静态模拟实验,研究了不同光照强度及不同pH值下,镉对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在悬浮和固定状态下对污水中正磷酸盐的吸收速率的影响。结果表明,镉存在的情况下,在实验所设的各光照强度内,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为4~10μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为12~16μg/(h.个);而相同的镉浓度下,在不同的pH范围中,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为1.9~9.4μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为5.7~12μg/(h.个)。在不同光照强度下,镉总体上降低了小球藻对磷的吸收速率,其中使悬浮藻普遍下降40%~60%,而固定处理使藻受镉的影响较少,至多下降10%~20%,但在个别光照强度下镉反而促进了小球藻对磷的吸收速率。不同pH值时,无论悬浮态还是固定态,镉在大多pH下使小球藻的磷吸收速率下降20%~30%,固定处理并没有减少镉的影响,同样在个别pH下镉促进了对磷的吸收。     

Residues of 14C-4n-nonylphenol in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) oocytes and embryos during dietary exposure of mature females to this xenohormone

In order to assess in fish the maternal transfer of alkylphenolic compounds to the progeny, the identification and quantification of the labelled compounds present in oocytes and embryos was conducted after dietary exposure of mature female mosquitofish to 14C-4n-nonylphenol during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis respectively. Radioactivity found in bile and liver extracts accounted for 0.9-0.6 and 0.2-0.1% of ingested radioactivity for females exposed during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis respectively. The amount of extractable radioactivity present in oocytes and embryos was 0.19 and 0.07% of the ingested dose respectively. The radio-HPLC profiles obtained from bile, liver, oocyte and embryo extracts were similar. They showed the presence of 4n-NP-glucuronide as the major metabolite and traces of unchanged 4n-NP. The other metabolites corresponded to 8-hydroxynonylphenol, 9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-nonanoic acid and para-hydroxybenzoic acid which is the final product of the alkyl chain oxidation. Our results indicate that exposure of ovoviviparous female fish to 4-NP during vitellogenesis and embryogenesis leads to the contamination of the progeny by 4-NP and its metabolites.     

Some observations on migration within and from the former USSR in the 1990s

"Patterns of population distribution revealed from 1989 census data are used to assess how future population movements could be affected by current political, social, and economic changes. Much migration in the USSR has reflected central planning decisions as much as the spontaneous decisions of individuals. To the extent that the influence of the command economy diminishes and a market economy emerges, major new directions of migration flows can be expected. The return of ethnic 'expatriates' to home republics can be expected to increase, as can economic migration to areas with favorably perceived economic prospects, and migration to Central and Western Europe."     

Integrated chronostratigraphy of Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary beds in the western Anabar region, northern Siberia

Carbonate-rich sedimentary rocks of the western Anabar region, northern Siberia, preserve an exceptional record of evolutionary and biogeochemical events near the Proterozoic/Cambrian boundary. Sedimentologically, the boundary succession can be divided into three sequences representing successive episodes of late transgressive to early highstand deposition; four parasequences are recognized in the sequence corresponding lithostratigraphically to the Manykal Formation. Small shelly fossils are abundant and include many taxa that also occur in standard sections of southeastern Siberia. Despite this coincidence of faunal elements, biostratigraphic correlations between the two regions have been controversial because numerous species that first appear at or immediately above the basal Tommotian boundary in southeastern sections have first appearances scattered through more than thirty metres of section in the western Anabar. Carbon- and Sr-isotopic data on petrographically and geochemically screened samples collected at one- to two-metre intervals in a section along the Kotuikan River, favour correlation of the Staraya Reckha Formation and most of the overlying Manykai Formation with sub-Tommotian carbonates in southeastern Siberia. In contrast, isotopic data suggest that the uppermost Manykai Formation and the basal 26 m of the unconformably overlying Medvezhya Formation may have no equivalent in the southeast; they appear to provide a sedimentary and palaeontological record of an evolutionarily significant time interval represented in southeastern Siberia only by the sub-Tommotian unconformity. Correlations with radiometrically dated horizons in the Olenek and Kharaulakh regions of northern Siberia suggest that this interval lasted approximately three to six million years, during which essentially all 'basal Tommotian' small shelly fossils evolved.     

桐庐县高山蔬菜的气候适应性研究

通过对桐庐县以歌舞乡为主的山区进行定点多层面的气象资料的调查分析，利用高山地区的立体热量差异，对种植高山蔬菜的气候适应性进行研究，以点带面，达到合理利用气候资源的目的。     

能量原理在确定岩石节理抗剪强度方面的应用

为了确定剪胀节理的剪切强度，人们已开始运用能量原理研究岩体结构面（Ｌａｄａｎｙｉ和Ａｒｃｈａｍｂａｕｌｔ，１９７０）。本项工作基于分析规则的粗糙起伏面，并且假定其是不可变形的。自然条件下的复杂岩体结构面中，很难辩认出要测量的有代表性的起伏角。Ｌａｄａｎｙｉ和Ａｒｃｈａｍｂａｕｌｔ通过假定等价结构面的张开度和结构面的有效起伏将其成果推广到天然节理。显然，这种等量假设不是普遍适用的，而且可能导致结构面     

节理粗糙度研究的新进展

当前采用的节理模型，如果不凭借经验，是不可能准确预测节理的剪切行为的，这已成为争论的热点。这是因为这些模型不能定量地评价节理粗糙度或尺度的重要性。介绍一种新的方法，它用分形几何来调查节理的粗糙度。这种方法已超出了简单地描述粗糙度的“症状”，而是去寻找“原因”。     

人工神经网络在岩体初始应力场反演中的应用

岩土工程问题的有限元分析一般需要考虑初始地应力场，而可供工程应用的初始应力值，主要靠少数实测资料。根据少数测点值，采用人工神经网络与有限元相结合的方法求解岩体初始应力场。通过算例说明：文中所提方法是合理的。