The Qingyuan Mushroom Culture System as Agricultural Heritage

Qingyuan County, Zhejiang, China is recognized as a source of mushrooms around the world and as Mushroom City in China. Because of a favorable ecological environment and abundant forest resources, mushroom farmers in Qingyuan have engaged in mushroom production for 800 years and continued to form unique mushroom production systems where people and nature live in a harmonious way, and a rich and colorful mushroom culture. The Qingyuan Mushroom Culture System was named the Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage systems of China in 2014. Based on analysis of the importance of agricultural heritage and the necessity and urgency of protection, here we examine the agricultural heritage of the Qingyuan mushroom culture system as a research case study and comprehensively describe its heritage values, including supply materials and production, ecosystem services, cultural inheritance and multi-function agricultural development. These results provide reference values for agricultural heritage protection and inheritance of edible fungi in China, agricultural sustainable development and extension of agricultural function.     

Spatiotemporal Variations of Microwave Land Surface Emissivity (MLSE) over China Derived from Four-Year Recalibrated Fengyun 3B MWRI Data

Microwave Land Surface Emissivity (MLSE) over China under both clear and cloudy sky conditions was retrieved using measurements of recalibrated microwave brightness temperatures (Tbs) from Fengyun-3B Microwave Radiation Imager (FY-3B MWRI), combined with cloud properties derived from Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) observations. The contributions from cloud particles and atmospheric gases to the upwelling Tbs at the top of atmosphere were calculated and removed in radiative transfer. The MLSEs at horizontal polarizations at 10.65, 18.7, and 36.5 GHz during 7 July 2015 to 30 June 2019 over China showed high values in the southeast vegetated area and low values in the northwest barren, or sparsely vegetated, area. The maximum values were found in the belt area of the Qinling-Taihang Mountains and the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is highly consistent with MLSEs derived from AMSR-E. It demonstrates that the measurements of FY-3B MWRI Tbs, including its calibration and validation, are reliable, and the retrieval algorithm developed in this study works well. Seasonal variations of MLSE in China are mainly driven by the combined effects of vegetation, rainfall, and snow cover. In tropical and southern forest regions, the seasonal variation of MLSE is small due to the enhancement from vegetation and the suppression from rainfall. In the boreal area, snow causes a significant decrease of MLSE at 36.5 GHz in winter. Meanwhile, the MLSE at lower frequencies experiences less suppression. In the desert region in Xinjiang, increases of MLSEs at all frequencies are observed with increasing snow cover.     

高分五号卫星大气参数探测综述

高分五号卫星搭载了大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪、主要温室气体探测仪、大气多角度偏振探测仪、大气环境红外甚高分辨率探测仪、可见短波红外高光谱相机和全谱段光谱成像仪共6台载荷,对全球环境监测及中国大气气溶胶、臭氧、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、二氧化碳、甲烷和云等多个环境与气象综合监测方面有着重要的意义。为了更好的了解高分五号卫星任务的大气监测内容,本文对高分五号卫星其中的4个大气探测载荷特征和数据处理算法进展进行了总结,涉及各个载荷参数信息、算法介绍和产品初步结果等相关内容。高分五号卫星是中国专门用于大气环境监测任务的遥感卫星,随着后续卫星的发射升空,将对中国乃至全球大气环境监测提供强有力的数据支撑。     

GF-5 DPC数据的云检测方法研究

高分五号（GF-5）号卫星所搭载的大气多角度偏振探测仪（DPC）能够对地球进行多波段,多角度和的连续观测,其数据对研究全球大气云分布及云辐射反馈作用提供新的视角。本文通法国多角度偏振载荷POLDER（POLarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances）云检测算法为参考,结合DPC多波段反射率、偏振反射率、表观压强等信息开发了一个适用于DPC的云检测算法。算法主要分为3个部分：首先是阈值方法对云像元进行检测,同时引入表观压强对不同高度的云（如卷云、层积云等）进行进一步的条件约束,然后利用865 nm波段偏振反射率对海表反射的太阳耀斑区进行识别,修正了反射率阈值识别云像元时受到的太阳耀斑干扰。为了验证算法的准确性,利用2018-10-01的MODIS的MOD06云掩码产品与本文云检测算法结果进行定性分析,从目视判读结果可以看出本文云检测结果与MOD06产品具有较高的吻合度;随后又利用2018-10-01—04的CALIPSO-VFM数据与本文云检测结果和MYDO6云掩码产品进行定量分析,分别计算了中低纬度区域（60°N—60°S）的云/晴空像元命中率和云/晴空像元错误预报率,计算结果显示算法云命中率均值相较MYD06云掩码产品高出13.501%的前提下云错误预报率仅高出3.561%,可表明该算法在全球中低纬度区域有着良好的云检测效果。本文提出的云检测算法,可为后续DPC的云参数、水汽、气溶胶等研究提供重要数据支撑。     

新冠肺炎疫情期间中国人为碳排放和大气污染物的变化

利用行业经济活动数据、1 580个地面监测站和6套卫星反演数据,分析了我国新冠肺炎疫情期间人为碳排放和主要大气污染物的变化。与2019年第一季度相比,2020年同期我国碳排放降低9.8%,其中交通部门降幅最大达到43.4%。与2019年2-3月相比,疫情期间全国地表臭氧浓度同比升高1.9 nL/L(5%),其中华北平原以降低为主,东南部地区以上升为主。PM2.5浓度同比下降12.6μg·m^-3(24.9%),其中长三角降幅最大。二氧化氮(NO2)的地面浓度和对流层柱浓度在京津冀、珠三角和长三角都降低20%~30%,体现了高低层的一致性。地面一氧化碳(CO)浓度同比降低17%,而对流层CO柱浓度升高2.5%,可能原因是境外生物质燃烧输送提升了我国南方高层大气的CO浓度。中东部地区气溶胶光学厚度显著降低,导致地表晴空短波辐射同比升高11.6 W·m^-2(9.6%)。     

A review of the estimation of downward surface shortwave radiation based on satellite data: Methods,progress and problems

The estimation of downward surface shortwave radiation(DSSR) is important for the Earth's energy budget and climate change studies. This review was organised from the perspectives of satellite sensors, algorithms and future trends,retrospects and summaries of the satellite-based retrieval methods of DSSR that have been developed over the past 10 years. The shortwave radiation reaching the Earth's surface is affected by both atmospheric and land surface parameters. In recent years,studies have given detailed considerations to the factors which affect DSSR. It is important to improve the retrieval accuracy of cloud microphysical parameters and aerosols and to reduce the uncertainties caused by complex topographies and high-albedo surfaces(such as snow-covered areas) on DSSR estimation. This review classified DSSR retrieval methods into four categories:empirical, parameterisation, look-up table and machine-learning methods, and evaluated their advantages, disadvantages and accuracy. Further efforts are needed to improve the calculation accuracy of atmospheric parameters such as cloud, haze, water vapor and other land surface parameters such as albedo of complex terrain and bright surface, organically combine machine learning and other methods, use the new-generation geostationary satellite and polar orbit satellite data to produce highresolution DSSR products, and promote the application of radiation products in hydrological and climate models.     

Cloud cover over the Tibetan Plateau and eastern China: a comparison of ERA5 and ERA-Interim with satellite observations

This study examines the progress made by reanalyses and satellite products in the estimation of cloud cover over China: the ECMWF reanalyses ERA5 and ERA-Interim, geostationary satellite observation Himawari-8 (H8) and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project H-series (ISCCP) product. There is great similarity in spatial patterns of cloud cover in reanalyses and satellite observations, especially between ERA5 and H8. Distinct characteristics of the seasonal evolution of cloud cover are shown over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the southeast (SE) and northeast (NE) of China. Differences in magnitudes of cloud cover exist. Overestimations are about 10% for reanalyses and about 20% for ISCCP in compared with certain cloud cover in H8. When probable cloud (about 10%) in H8 is included in the estimation, biases reduce the most in ERA5. The cloud hit rate (CHR) and false alarm rate (FAR) in against H8 and ISCCP reveal that simulated clouds in ERA5 have been improved especially over eastern China, but with limited improvement over TP in compared with ERA-Interim. Diurnal variations of cloud cover are characterized by increases during daytime over those three regions. Amplifications of diurnal variation vary over different regions and months. Satellite observations and ERA5 indicate distinguished diurnal cycle of cloud cover over TP, while further investigation based on ERA5 reveals coherent diurnal cycle in meteorological environment. Long-term changes of cloud cover highlight decreasing trends over TP and particular during March in past decades based on ISCCP and ERA5, which require further investigation in future.