The influence of medium-range transport on O3 levels at a rural site in Israel

Simultaneous ozone measurements were made at a rural site, 25 km SSW of the city of Jerusalem, and in the center of the city during a period of 28 months. The ozone data were supplemented by SO₂, NO/NO _x ,and meteorological measurements at both sites. Elevated ozone concentrations were recorded at the rural site, mostly during the spring months (May and June) during which the monthly averages and the monthly averages of the daily 30 min maximum levels equalled those measured in the city. During the summer months, both average and peak levels were lower at the rural site by 20 and 35 ppb. The increased ozone levels at the rural site were accompanied by a parallel increase of SO₂ and NO _x ,suggesting hat the excess ozone at the rural site is a result of a transformation during transport of air pollutants from coastal sources.     

Quasi-Alfvén oscillations of magnetic surfaces

A system of equations has been derived for the modes of free oscillation of the magnetosphere when it is regarded as an adiabatic magnetic dipole trap filled with cold inhomogeneous plasma. The limiting case of infinite longitudinal conductivity corresponding to the assumption that the electric field is orthogonal to the geomagnetic field has been studied. The boundary at the ionosphere is supposed to be perfectly conducting.The eigenmode spectrum has been found to have discrete and continuous components. The eigenmodes of the discrete component correspond to quasi-magnetosonic modes and the eigenmodes of the continuous component to quasi-Alfvén modes.Assuming the magnetosphere to be axisymmetric, a general expression in the form of a Frobenius series has been derived for quasi-Alfvén oscillations of magnetic shells near resonant magnetic surfaces.     

Monitoring Tidal Conditions in Estuaries of the Karelian Coast of the White Sea

In September 2000, July 2001, and August 2002, three marine expeditions onboard the R/V Ekolog were carried out to study physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes in two estuaries of Karelian coast of the White Sea. A wide complex of modern methods of marine field work was used. The most recent biochemical studies on the estimation of mechanisms of adaptive reactions of hydrobionts to environmental factors (including anthropogenic) were used.     

Particulate sulfate levels at a rural site in Israel

Ambient particulate sulfate measurements have been intermittently performed at a rural site in Israel over a period of more than two years. Concurrent measurements of ambient pollutants (SO₂, NO–NO_x, and O₃), as well as meteorological data, were also carried out. The daily data included four particulate sulfate samples representing four successive 6 h accumulating periods. The measured concentrations of sulfate ions ranged from a low 2 g m^-3 observed during the winter season to a high of >50 g m^-3 obtained during the summer. Little correlation was obtained between the sulfate concentration and either O₃ or SO₂, although sulfate and O₃ showed a similar diurnal and annual trend. Based on the data distribution and on a photochemical model, it was concluded that a large part of the particulate sulfate observed at the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea must be related to long-range transport from distant sources.