Circulations and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Different Patterns of Rainstorm Processes in the Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain

Based on the observational hourly precipitation data and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis 5 (ERA5) products from 2006 to 2020, 22 rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain are objectively classified by using the hierarchical clustering method, and the circulation characteristics of different patterns are comparatively analyzed in this study. The results show that the occurrences of rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain are most closely related to three circulation patterns. Patterns I and III mainly occur in July and August, with similar zonal circulations in synoptic backgrounds. Specifically, the South Asia high and the western Pacific subtropical high are stronger and more northward than those in normal years. The frontal systems in westerlies are inactive, while the water vapor from the ocean surface in the south is mainly transported to the rainstorm area by the southerly jet stream at 700 hPa. The dynamic lifting anomalies are relatively weak, the instability of atmospheric stratification is anomalously strong, and thus the localized severe convective rainstorm is more significant. Comparatively, rainstorm processes of pattern I are accompanied by stronger and deeper ascending motions, and the warm-sector rainstorm is more extreme. Pattern III shows a stronger and deeper convective instability, accompanied by larger low-level moisture. Rainstorm processes of pattern II mainly occur in early summer and early autumn, presenting a meridional circulation pattern of high in the east and low in the west in terms of geopotential height. Moreover, the two low-level jets transporting the water vapor northward from the ocean on the east of China encounter with the frontal systems in westerlies, which makes the ascending motion in pattern II anomalously strong and deep. The relatively weak instability of atmospheric stratification causes weak convection and long-lasting precipitation formed by the confluence of cold air and warm air. This study may help improve rainstorm forecasting in arid regions.     

低空急流与贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的相关性研究北大核心CSCD

利用2006—2021年逐时降水、常规气象探测、银川CA雷达和ERA5高分辨率再分析资料,研究了低空急流与贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的时间和空间的相关性,并初步探讨了低空急流影响暴雨过程发生发展的可能机制。结果表明:影响贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的低空急流有三个关键区,分别为河套南部、宁夏东南部和山西西南部,对应700 hPa南风急流、775 hPa偏南急流和850 hPa东南急流;宁夏东南部作为三支低空急流汇合后继续北上西进的关键区域,对贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的发生发展有着更为重要的影响。依据低空急流核所在高度,将影响贺兰山东麓暴雨过程的低空急流分为七类,其中三层急流型出现频率最高,占总过程的54.5%,其次是700和775 hPa急流同时出现的过程,占36.5%。暴雨过程与低空急流在时间上存在一致性:700、775、850 hPa急流建立较暴雨开始平均提前了18、10、7 h,700、775 hPa急流最大风速较暴雨过程最大雨强平均提前了54、18 min,而850 hPa急流最大风速较暴雨最大雨强平均滞后了12 min;850 hPa的1级急流与775 hPa的2级急流频率分别对20~40、40~60 mm·h~(-1)的短时暴雨频率指示性更强,而河套南部关键区的700 hPa平均风速对暴雨过程的最大雨强量级指示性更强。暴雨过程与低空急流在空间上也存在一致性:随着低空急流建立、加强北抬或西进、减弱东退或南压,贺兰山东麓暴雨开始、增强、减弱;暴雨落区位于急流轴的左前方。低空急流北上西进与贺兰山地形结合,在东坡山前触发多个对流单体、合并加强形成移动缓慢、发展强盛、组织化程度高、列车效应明显的带状线性回波,易在贺兰山区形成局地性强对流暴雨。