A simple way to classify supermassive black holes

We propose a classification of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) based on their efficiency in the conversion of infalling mass in emitted radiation. We use a theoretical model that assumes a conservation of angular momentum between the gas falling inside the hole and the photons emitted outwards, and suggests the existence of the scaling relation M_•‐R_eσ³, where M_• is the mass of the central SMBH, whereas R_e and σ are the effective radius and velocity dispersion of the host galaxies (bulges), respectively. We apply our model on a data set of 57 galaxies of different morphological types and with M_• measurements, obtained through the analysis of Spitzer /IRAC 3.6‐µ m images. In order to find the best fit of the corresponding scaling law, we use the FITEXY routine to perform a least‐squares regression of M_• on R_eσ³ for the considered sample of galaxies. Our analysis shows that the relation is tight and our theoretical model allows to easily estimate the efficiency of mass conversion into radiation of the central SMBHs. Finally we propose a new appealing way to classify the SMBHs in terms of this parameter. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于GOODALL相近指数的遥感图像和其它空间数据综合分类方法

介绍ＤａｖｉｄＷ．Ｇｏｏｄａｌｌ基于概率的相近指数理论,研究它被应用在遥感图像和其它空间数据综合分类中的可能性,并首次在ＧＲＡＳＳ环境下实现了基于ＤａｖｉｄＷ．Ｇｏｏｄａｌｌ的相近指数的遥感图像和其它空间数据综合分类算法,并对该算法进行了测试,将分类结果 与其它几种较流行的分类方法结果进行了比较。     

Analyses of the Relationship Between Mucous Aggregates and Phytoplankton Communities in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea) by Multivariate Techniques

Abstract. Multivariate techniques (cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis) applied on phytoplankton data collected in June, July, August, and September 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993 in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea) highlighted a clear temporal pattern from 1990 to 1993. In the summer of 1991, phytoplankton communities showed a dramatic increase in the dinoflagellatddiatom ratio. In particular, during June and July 1991 only few specimens of diatoms ( Cylindrorhecu closreriurn. Probosciu alata, Nirzschio longissimu , and Nitzschiu spp.) were collected; this confirmed the diatom scarcity in the phytoplankton communities before and during the appearance of large mucous aggregates (mucilage) in July 1991 in the Gulf of Trieste. The differences observed between the structure of the phytoplankton communities inside the aggregates and in the ambient waters suggested two hypotheses: 1) the aggregates were not produced in the gulf, but were carried ints the gulf by the eastern bordering current; 2) the aggregates were produced by a few, scarce species with a high exudate production that are capable of quickly reaching a high reproductive rate within the aggregates.     

Determination of Cosmological Parameters with a Sample of Quasars

We use a sample of 808 quasars selected by Risaliti and Lusso to estimate two important cosmological parameters: the percentage of matter in the Universe Ωm and the Hubble constant. The method is based on an auxiliary experimental correlation between the luminosity of quasars in the Xray band and UV band in the form log L_X = β + γ log L_UV. For the flat ΛCDM model our fit gives Ω _m = 0.21 ± 0.12. Our main results are the following: firstly, the fraction of matter (baryonic + dark) contained in the Universe is 21% according to our estimate and is smaller than the one found by other authors using Type Ia Supernovae (though, considering the large error, our result is consistent with the supernova data). Secondly, the Einstein–de Sitter model is outside the 95% confidence interval of our best fit curve. In order to determine also the Hubble constant, we were compelled to fix one of the free parameters (β, γ,H₀,Ω _m ) and to determine the others with the non-linear least square method. We have proceeded in two different ways. Increasing h₀ = H₀/100 with a step of 0.01 in the range from 0.65 to 0.95, we obtain a Hubble constant H₀ = 74.6± 2.4 (km/s)/Mpc in agreement with the values found using CMB, supernovae and cepheids. On the other hand, increasing the parameter m = β/γ with a step of 0.03 in the range from 13.4 to 14.4, we obtain the same result (but with a greater statistical error), and hence a self-consistentmodel, only assuming β ≥ 8.21.     

基于GOODALL相近指数的遥感图像和其它空间数据综合分类方法

介绍 Ｄａｖｉｄ Ｗ． Ｇｏｏｄａｌｌ 的基于概率的相近指数理论,研究它被应用在遥感图像和其它空间数据综合分类中的可能性,并首次在 Ｇ Ｒ Ａ Ｓ Ｓ环境下实现了基于 Ｄａｖｉｄ Ｗ． Ｇｏｏｄａｌｌ 的相近指数的遥感图像和其它空间数据综合分类算法,并对该算法进行了测试,将分类结果与其它几种较流行的分类方法结果进行了比较。