On the choice of a random variable which eliminates the bias caused by variable spacing in geodetic levelling

Computer values of the mean square error of the Nigerian Geodetic Levelling based on the model x_ij = ρ_ij/R _ij ^1/2 showed a uniformity between the lines of levelling, of a nature which suggest that x_ij = ρ_ij/R _ij ^1/2 is a good fit for the data. Values of the mean square error of the levelling based on w_ij = ρ_ij/R_ij showed such significant variation between the lines that this alternative model does not seem to be supported by the data used in this study.     

The Structure of Urban Poverty in Nigeria: The Calabar Municipality experience

As Nigeria experiences the major thrust of urban growth, urban poverty has become the most intractable phenomenon attracting the attention of concerned observers. Because Calabar Municipality lacks solid economic base it cannot easily absorb its burgeoning population into productive medium and high income occupations. A wide range of interrelated variables, including the people's annual income, their educational level, occupational distribution, residential status and even psychological factors, explain the structure of poverty in Calabar. As a result the poor in Calabar are seen to fall within a wide spectrum of deprivation, ranging from the poor of hope who are capable of moving on their own across the poverty line, to the hopeless poor who require assistance for survival. Thus the study suggests that since a mix lot of factors are involved in the structure of urban poverty the phenomenon calls for a systems approach which takes into consideration the interacting characteristics of the diverse parameters of the whole urban system, in the formulation of anti-poverty measures. Admittedly, any war against poverty in this city is destined to be one of the longest wars in human history. However, it is possible to substantially reduce the yawning gap between the rich and the poor which is the crux of the problem facing policymakers in this city.     

On the use of multiple comparisons test for the analysis of levelling discrepancies

In a number of papers dating from 1955,A.M. Wassef and his co-worker,F. Z. A. Messih, have demonstrated the application of the analysis of variance technique to the study of levelling discrepancies. The usual method of testing for the significance of means by the Fisher or F-test was used by these authors. In this paper the method proposed byWassef (1974) has been extended to include a multiple comparisons F-test, (Tukey, 1949).     

On the use of multiple comparisons test for the analysis of levelling discrepancies

In a number of papers dating from 1955,A.M. Wassef and his co-worker,F. Z. A. Messih, have demonstrated the application of the analysis of variance technique to the study of levelling discrepancies. The usual method of testing for the significance of means by the Fisher or F-test was used by these authors. In this paper the method proposed byWassef (1974) has been extended to include a multiple comparisons F-test, (Tukey, 1949).