Establishment of apparent quantum yield and maximum ecosystem assimilation on Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem

The alpine meadow is widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau with an area of about 1.2×106kn2. Damxung County, located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, is the place covered with this typical vegetation. An open-path eddy covariance system was set up in Damxung rangeland station to measure the carbon flux of alpine meadow from July to October,2003. The continuous carbon flux data were used to analyze the relationship between net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), as well as the seasonal patterns of apparent quantum yield (α) and maximum ecosystem assimilation (Pmax).Results showed that the daytime NEE fitted fairly well with the PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function, with α declining in the order of peak growth period (0.0244 μmolCO2 · μmol-1pAR) ＞early growth period ＞ seed maturing period ＞ withering period (0.0098 μmolCO2 · μmol-1pAR).The Pmax did not change greatly during the first three periods, with an average of 0.433mgCO2· m-2· s-1, i.e. 9.829 μmolCO2· m-2· s-1. However, during the withering period, Pmax was only 0.35 mgCO2 · m-2 · s-1, i.e. 7.945 μmolCO2 · m-2 · s-1. Compared with other grassland ecosystems, the α of the Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem was much lower.     

桃山、诸广复式岩体花岗岩类岩石铀、钍地球化学特征

通过对桃山、诸广复式岩体的深入研究,得出铀、钍元素在本地区花岗岩中具有以下地球化学特征及地球化学行为:1.岩体的铀、钍丰度与岩体外接触带的变质岩铀,钍丰度具同步增长特点;2.铀与硅、钾、钠关系密切,并有随钾增长,及随铀增长二种趋势,而钍则与TiO_2、FeO、MnO关系密切;3.钍在花岗岩中分布型式为正态分布,变异系数较铀小,而铀在花岗岩中分布型式为正态分布及对数正态分布,变异系数略高,显示了铀有某种富集可能;4.铀在花岗岩中地球化学行为,表现有二个富集高峰,既有在结晶早期富集在各类副矿物中的早富集特征,也有随花岗岩形成和演化富集在晚期的晚富集特征。二个富集途径,即随Si、K增高和随Si、Na增高途径。     

A statistical analysis of typhoon frequency and application in design wave height

A typhoon leading is an important natural disaster to many disasters to China. A giant wave caused by it has brought large threat for an offshore project. Based on the maximum entropy principle,one new model which has 4 undetermined parameters is constructed,which is called the discrete maximum entropy probabilistic model. In practical applications,the design wave height is considered as soon as possible in a typhoon affected sea areas,the result fits the observed data well. Further more this model does not have the priority compared with other distributions as Poisson distribution. The model provides a theoretical basis for the engineering design more reasonable when considering typhoon factors comprehensively.     

混合模型中的层三角变换估计

提出了有着广泛应用的混合线性模型中参数估计的一种新方法,称层三角变换估计。将该变换用于检验和估计中,将产生一束套用于全面分析混合线模型的计算过程,这些过程在计算是稳定的,而且节省空间。     

第23周太阳活动峰年北京天文台太阳射电观测

An introduction to the instrumonts to be used for solar radio observations in Beijing in Solar Cycle 23 is made in this paper. They are 10cm solar radio telescope which has been used for a long time,and 1.0～2.0GHz,2.6～3.8GHz and 5.2～7.6GHz spectrometers. The former two spectrometers has passed a test,showing high guality,and the 5.2～7.6GHz one will be in operation from 1999. It is believed that highl gualified data should be obtained in the next solar cycle.     

武汉台形变观测与降雨参数之间的定量分析与研究

基于“前兆台网(站)观测数据跟踪分析平台”,对武汉台形变观测资料进行了系统分析,提取出观测曲线受降雨干扰影响的事件,采用降雨总量、初始驱动降雨量和瞬时降雨量最大值等降雨参数对降雨干扰事件进行统计分析。结果表明:降雨总量达40 mm、初始驱动降雨量为0.3 mm或瞬时降雨量最大值达0.6 mm时,DSQ型水管倾斜仪易受降雨干扰;SSY型铟瓦棒伸缩仪当降雨总量超60 mm或瞬时降雨量最大值大于0.5 mm时易受降雨干扰;VS型垂直摆倾斜仪受降雨干扰与降雨总量、初始驱动降雨量和瞬时降雨量最大值无显著相关关系;降雨总量对形变仪器观测物理量的影响基本呈现线性;而形变仪器观测物理量与初始驱动降雨量、瞬时降雨量最大值无显著相关关系。认为武汉台形变观测受降雨影响主要来自降雨渗透影响和周边水体荷载变化影响两个方面。     

Temporal replication of the national land cover database using active machine learning

Regional and national level land cover datasets, such as the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) in the United States, have become an important resource in physical and social science research. Updates to the NLCD have been conducted every 5 years since 2001; however, the procedure for producing a new release is labor-intensive and time-consuming, taking 3 or 4 years to complete. Furthermore, in most countries very few, if any, such releases exist, and thus there is high demand for efficient production of land cover data at different points in time. In this paper, an active machine learning framework for temporal updating (or backcasting) of land cover data is proposed and tested for three study sites covered by the NLCD. The approach employs a maximum entropy classifier to extract information from one Landsat image using the NLCD, and then replicate the classification on a Landsat image for the same geographic extent from a different point in time to create land cover data of similar quality. Results show that this framework can effectively replicate the land cover database in the temporal domain with similar levels of overall and within class agreement when compared against high resolution reference land cover datasets. These results demonstrate that the land cover information encapsulated in the NLCD can effectively be extracted using solely Landsat imagery for replication purposes. The algorithm is fully automated and scalable for applications at landscape and regional scales for multiple points in time.     

四川省干旱损失风险分析

利用四川省1961-2019年的气象观测资料及1991-2019年各县旱情,料,采用信息扩散方法分析了10a、50 a一遇干旱的持续天数、经济损失率、人口受旱率和农作物受旱率的空间分布,并采用基于广义帕累托分布(GDP)的极值(POT)模型分析了四川7个干旱气候区,在不同置信水平下可能造成的最大经济损失率(PML).结...     

青藏铁路清水河段片石护坡路堤温度特性研究

通过对青藏铁路清水河试验段片石护坡、无片石护坡的冻土路堤和地基的温度进行的全面监测,对比分析了路堤体内及基底的地温、积温及温度场中最大融化深度的变化情况,结果表明,采用片石护坡措施的试验路堤,与对比段（普通路堤）相比,降温效果明显。负积温量值大于对比段,最大融化深度抬升幅度较大。因此,片石护坡能够有效发挥降低地温、保护多年冻土的作用,并有利于坡面防护,是一种施作方便,既能用于新建,又能用于补强的多年冻土主动保护措施。