腾格里沙漠东南缘人工固沙植被区表层土壤有机碳矿化对凋落物添加的响应

土壤有机碳矿化是调控土壤碳库时空格局、土壤碳收支平衡和植物养分供应的重要过程,植物残体和凋落物分解释放CO₂直接影响着土壤有机碳矿化。研究了不同类型凋落物对腾格里沙漠东南缘建植于1956年的人工固沙植被区土壤有机碳矿化过程及其对水分和温度的响应特征。结果表明：凋落物添加显著促进了有机碳矿化,添加柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）、油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）、小画眉草（Eragrostis minor）凋落物后,CO₂-C最大矿化速率分别增大了6.94、5.17、3.46倍,0~5 cm层土壤是5~10 cm层土壤的1.09、1.55、1.22倍;CO₂-C累积释放量分别增加了3.73、3.38、2.34倍,0~5 cm层土壤是5~10 cm层土壤的1.17、1.30、1.57倍。凋落物对有机碳矿化的促进作用与温度和水分密切相关,25℃时,CO₂-C平均释放速率、最大释放速率、累积碳释放量分别是10℃的2.21、3.60、2.21倍,而含水量10%时,CO₂-C平均释放速率、最大释放速率和累积碳释放量分别是含水量5%时的1.25、1.20、1.25倍。相关性分析表明,凋落物碳氮含量、碳氮比、木质素比氮和土壤有机碳以及全氮是影响有机碳矿化的主要因子。凋落添加土壤后潜在可矿化碳表现为柠条锦鸡儿>油蒿>小画眉草>对照。凋落物添加显著促进了有机碳矿化过程及碳周转,植被恢复过程中草本植物凋落物的输入更有利于土壤碳固存,凋落物对土壤碳库的调控作用受土壤理化性质和水热等环境因子的共同作用影响。     

Effects of nitrate on phosphorus release: comparison of two Berlin lakes

After installation of phosphorus elimination plants at the inflows of the eutrophic Lake Tegel and Schlachtensee, phosphorus (P) loading declined by a factor of 40 and 100, respectively. This resulted in a pronounced reduction of phosphorus concentrations in the lake water, followed by a decline of chlorophyll‐a concentrations. However, for many years P release from sediments due to mineralization and desorption of sedimentary P continued. In Schlachtensee, the presence of nitrate above the sediment suppresses P release, because the Fe/P ratio is sufficient to provide enough aerobic sorption capacity. In Lake Tegel, some P release occurs even under aerobic conditions because of the low aerobic P sorption capacity of the sediments. There, nitrate could moderate the P release peaks which occur when the Fe‐P cycle at the sediment water interface is disturbed by precipitation of iron sulfide after reduction of sulfate during times of high mineralization intensity. The potentially mobile P pool in the sediments of both lakes is rather small, indicating that the P release could subside after sufficient reduction of the external P load in Lake Tegel and the disruption of the internal P cycle in Schlachtensee.     

南雄断裂带构造演化及铀成矿作用

文章从粤北地区受南雄断裂带控制的南东侧盆地沉积建造组合、构造岩成分特征等入手,探讨南雄断裂带的发生发展、构造动力演化及不同阶段断裂组合形式和铀矿床区域定位规律,提出与南雄断裂带强烈挤压阶段相配套的北西向张性断裂系统是幔源岩浆作用及其深部热流体侵入通道和铀矿体赋存部位的观点。下一步工作重点应针对北西向张性断裂的隐蔽性特点,选择有效的地球物理和地球化学勘查手段,查明北西向断裂地表出露的确切位置、产状变化及其空间展布规律,配合钻探工程揭露验证,不断深化对区域铀成矿规律的认识,扩大找矿效果。     

内蒙古塔木素地区砂岩型铀矿床热活动与铀矿化之间关系

巴音戈壁盆塔木素地区砂岩型铀矿目的层普遍固结,矿体多层但连续性差,分布不规律,后生改造特征明显。本文通过野外露头调查、岩芯观察和微观分析,发现该地区普遍发育穿层脉状石膏或方解石、热液金属硫化物矿物、矿物重结晶与新生胶结物等,出现硫酸盐-金属硫化物共生矿物和S同位素分馏,指示存在后生热流体活动。通过对矿体、矿石特征及铀矿物成因的分析,初步认为热改造对成矿控制主要发生在层间氧化作用后期,温度升高造成碳酸钙和硫酸钙沉淀、重结晶,破坏含矿溶液中碳酸铀酰络合物的平衡,造成U的沉淀,促使铀矿化进一步富集。     

沉积地层中成矿作用的碳同位素特征和含矿缺氧盆地成因新观点

沉积盆地内地层中碳的来源 ,根据其碳、氧同位素特征可归纳为 :海洋沉积碳酸盐碳、生物碳、热解非生物成因碳、大气淡水方解石碳和热卤水系统中的无机碳。热水成因的金矿及喷气 沉积矿床中的碳都具有深源成因的无机碳。深部含无机碳的热流体喷溢到海洋底部可以解释为扩张盆地底部形成的缺氧环境和含矿黑色页岩的主导原因     

Sequence Stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Uraniferous Measures and Mineralization of the Sandstone-hosted Tamusu Large Uranium Deposit, North China

The Bayingobi basin is the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin in North China in which the Tamusu uranium deposit is located.The ore-target layer of the deposit is the Lower Cretaceous Bayingobi Formation,which developed as a fan deltashallow lacustrine deposit.The distributary channel sand body of the fan delta plain and the underwater distributary channel sand body of the fan delta front formed a favorable uranium reservoir,so the study of sequence stratigraphy is extremely important to understanding the genesis of uranium deposits.On the basis of field investigation and a large number of borehole logs,the high resolution sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous is divided and the system tracts of different periods are established.The relationship between deposition,interlayer oxidation and uranium enrichment is discussed.The Lower Cretaceous Bayingobi Formation can be divided into two fourth-order sequences(Sq1 and Sq2).The lower member of the Bayingobi Formation is referred to as Sq1,which is composed of a falling-stage system tract(FSST)on top.On the other hand,the upper member of the Bayingobi Formation is referred to as Sq2,which is composed of a lowstand system tract(LST),transgressive system tract(TST)and highstand system tract(HST).The lowstand system tract forms a favorable stratigraphic structure(mud-sand-mud formation)with the lacustrine mudstone of the overlying transgressive system tract,that is conducive for the migration of uranium-bearing oxygen water.The organic matter and pyrite in the fan delta sand body,as well as the dark mudstone in the distributary bay,provided a reducing medium for uranium mineralization.The ore body mainly occurs in the distributary channel,underwater distributary channel or the mouth bar of the fan delta.As a result of the moderate thickness,high permeability,favorable barrier and rich reducing medium,the rich ore body mainly occurs in the underwater distributary channel and mouth bar sand body of the delta front.Based on study of the sequence stratigraphy,the model of the sequence,sedimentation and mineralization of the uranium deposit is established,which enriches uranium metallogenic theory and provides a reference for exploration of the same type of uranium deposits.     

老挝爬奔金矿围岩蚀变特征及其与金矿化的关系

爬奔金矿位于琅勃拉邦岛弧带中段西侧,矿体赋存于石炭-下二叠统厚层-巨厚层灰岩中,受NW-NNW向断裂构造控制,是少硫化物型中-低温热液矿床。野外调研及室内研究结果表明:爬奔金矿的围岩蚀变以中-低温蚀变矿物组合为特征,主要有硅化、褐铁矿化、菱铁矿化、方解石化,随着岩石蚀变强度的增加,Au与Si、Fe同步增加,而Ca减少。蚀变受断裂构造控制,分带明显,不同的矿化蚀变对应不同的矿石类型。多种蚀变叠加部位是成矿有利地段。“红化”蚀变和“褪色”蚀变是区内独特的围岩蚀变现象,找矿指示作用明显,结合构造、地层、化探异常等其他条件,可作为矿区外围及邻区的找矿标志。     

断裂构造控矿的数学和力学分析：以山东新城——河西金矿区为例

以山东新城－河西金矿区为例,通过新城、河西和候西矿床容矿断裂的形态、断裂活动、构造因素、构造应力场和变形场的数学、力学半定量及定量分析,探计断裂构造控矿规律以及成矿的力学机理。提出了金矿成矿受主断裂面形态、次级小断裂、节理的发育强度,断裂构造的力学特征、变形强度等控制。矿体多位于波状起伏的主断裂面凸峰的下盘、凹谷的上盘。矿化强度与次级断裂、节理的发育强度正相关。断裂构造带和次级构造裂隙带是内应力低     

相山铀矿田矿石有用共生组分研究

相山铀矿田是我国目前规模最大的火山岩型热液铀矿田,其发育碱交代型铀矿化和酸交代型铀矿化两种矿床类型。笔者通过对该矿田主要酸交代型铀矿床的物质组分研究,发现其矿石中富含Th、Mo、HREE、Y等多种有用组分,且含量普遍可达综合利用品位;有用组分主要以独立矿物、类质同像形式存在,主要赋存于铀矿体的矿化中心带富矿石中,与铀为同空间富集。因此认为,相山铀矿田酸交代型矿床的矿石中,Th、Mo、HREE、Y与铀密切相关,矿物具有共生关系;应重视Th、Mo、HREE、Y等有用组分的综合利用评价。     

微生物成矿

微生物对生命元素如碳、氮、硫、氧和金属离子的代谢作用能显著的改变微生物周边的外部环境和其内部环境。在一系列的生物地球化学过程中,微生物参与了矿产的沉积(生物成矿)或参与了矿石和岩石的溶解(生物风化)。生物成矿作用有两个途径：一个叫生物诱导成矿,通过这个过程,微生物分泌出代谢产物导致了之后的矿物颗粒的沉积;另一个叫生物控制成矿,在这个过程中,微生物在控制矿物成核和生长上起到了显著作用。微生物成因的矿物总体来说颗粒都很小和／或有着独特的同位素特征。最普遍的生物成因矿物有碳酸盐、硫化物和铁的氧化物。细胞表面和其分泌的胞外聚合物的结构可以为离子的浓缩、聚合和矿化提供模板,并起到重要作用。地球材料的仿生合成帮助我们了解了在人工条件下的生物成矿机制。此外,在地质环境中生物成因的矿物还可以作为一种生物信号,用来重建地球和其他行星的起源和演化。