Variation and pattern in the responses of mammal faunas to Late Pleistocene climatic change in southeastern South Australia

We examined mammal occurrence and variability through the Late Pleistocene vertebrate fossil deposit of Grant Hall in Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia. To determine long‐term patterns of change, we compared the composition and relative abundance trends of the assemblage with a nearby Middle Pleistocene deposit in Cathedral Cave. Total species richness did not change through the Grant Hall sequence, dated from 93 ± 8 to 70 ± 5 ka. However, species relative abundances varied between ecologically divergent species, and in some cases between species that demonstrate similar environmental preferences. For some species this variation is comparable to that recorded in Cathedral Cave. Of those showing similar trends between the two deposits, the forest inhabitant, Pseudomys fumeus, recorded an 8.6% decline through Grant Hall, coincident with a 9.7% increase in the dry heath/mallee dweller Pseudomys apodemoides. These patterns indicate that climatic transition from relatively warm, moist to cooler, drier conditions impacted some species in similar ways through climatic cycles of the past. However, the majority of the fauna demonstrated complex responses that are individual and variable through time. Statistical tests of species trends from the Grant Hall assemblage caution that large fossil samples are required to validate patterns observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论地理国情监测的技术支撑

针对地理国情监测中大幅面多时相遥感影像变化检测的需求,提出了一种基于卡方变换和样本选择的面向对象遥感影像变化检测方法。首先对多时相遥感影像进行多尺度分割获取像斑;然后,提取像斑的多维特征,采用基于卡方变换的特征融合方法计算像斑的加权差异度;最后,自适应选择训练样本,通过基于最大期望算法的贝叶斯阈值确定方法获取变化阈值,并对加权差异影像进行二值分割获取变化检测结果。以武汉市东湖高新技术开发区为例,利用多时相高分辨率遥感影像进行土地覆盖变化检测。试验结果表明,该方法可以克服全样本变化向量分析法及全样本卡方变换检测法难以满足阈值确定条件的不足,获得更准确的变化阈值,保证变化检测正确率高而又有效地降低漏检率,从而获得更好的变化检测结果,在地理国情监测中具有一定的应用价值。     

利用网格搜索进行地球椭球面闪电定位

提出了一种利用网格搜索法定位地球椭球面闪电位置的方法,在闪电可能发生的整个区域内寻找最适应解,通过采用多级网格搜索策略,计算结果将迅速收敛至最终解。分别用仿真数据和电网雷电定位系统实际电力线雷击事故点进行计算,证明了该方法的有效性和稳定性。     

Estimation of codaQ using the maximum likelihood method

A seismic coda wave from local earthquakes is an indication of heterogeneity in the crust and upper mantle, and codaQ (Q _c ) is the parameter defining the temporal decay of the coda wave. ButQ _c estimates obtained with the conventional least-square method are not based on any solid statistical background, assuming the Gaussian distributiona priori. In this study, we propose a statistically reliable estimation method of estimatingQ _c using the maximum likelihood method, and show its validity and usefulness with the data from the 1986 Joint Seismological Research in the western Nagano Prefecture. We found first that theQ _c estimation with the maximum likelihood method is statistically valid and its reliability can be checked with the -square test. Next,Q _c around Ohtaki village, within the studied area, is estimated using the maximum likelihood method. The averageQ _c value at low frequencies (up to 2 Hz) is one of the lowest in the world, which is in harmony with the geological setting of the site condition directly above an active fault.     

上升洋流与陆缘坻

通过对中国三大成磷期（也是世界８大成磷期中的３个）成矿构造－古地理单元的研究，提出了“陆缘坻”的新概念。陆缘坻不是一般意义上的台地、盆地，而是一个连接深海并与海岸平行的峡长水下槽地，它具有以断垒构造为主的活动性和地貌上的复杂性，甚至高耸地带可以出露水面。形成具有工业意义的大规模的磷块岩必需具备上升洋流和陆缘坻这两个基本条件，二者缺一不可。可以说陆缘坻的提出丰富和发展了上升洋流理论     

Chi-square tests for markov chain analysis

Markov chain analysis has become a popular and useful technique for the evaluation of stratigraphic information. Field data on frequencies of facies transitions are first assembled in a transition count matrix. Observed frequencies can be compared statistically with frequencies expected if no order, or memory, exists in the stratigraphic sequence. Two chi-square (²) tests have been proposed for this purpose. One of the previously proposed ² tests was observed to give anomalously large values of the test statistic during another study. This unsatisfactory behavior is verified here. Limiting values of the two ² tests (from tables) are compared with the distribution of values for both test statistics obtained by analyzing many random matrices generated by a simple computer program. In all cases, the logarithmic ² test, suggested by several previous authors, fails to provide any meaningful assessment of the presence or absence of order in stratigraphic sequences evaluated. Further use of this test should therefore be avoided.     

Quaternary drainage network reorganization in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera plateau

Dramatic drainage reorganization from initial longitudinal to transversal domains has occurred in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. We perform a regional analysis of drainage basin geometry and transformed river profiles based on the integral form of the slope-area scaling, to investigate the dynamic state of drainage networks and to predict the degree of drainage reorganization in this region. We propose a new model of drainage rearrangement for the Eastern Cordillera, based on the analyses of knickpoint distribution, normalized river profiles, landforms characteristic of river capture, erosion rates and palaeodrainage data. We establish that the oldest longitudinal basin captured by the Magdalena River network was the Suárez Basin at ≈409 ka, inferring the timing of abandonment of a river terrace using in situ produced cosmogenic beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be) depth profiles and providing a first estimation of incision rate of 0.07 mm/yr. We integrate published geochronologic data and interpret the last capture of the Sabana de Bogotá, providing a minimum age of the basin opening to the Magdalena drainage at ≈38 ka. Our results suggest that the Magdalena basin Increased its drainage area by integrating the closed basins from the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera. Our study also suggests that the Magdalena basin is an aggressor compared to the basins located in the eastern flank of the orogen and provides a framework for examining drainage reorganization within the Eastern Cordillera and in similar orogenic settings. The results improve our understanding of headward integration of closed basins across orogenic plateaux. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for determining the reversibility of a Markov sequence

This paper describes, given a tally matrix with strictly positive entries, a method to determine whether the associated Markov process is reversible, and (for reversible Markov processes) methods to compute the reversibility matrix from the tally matrix. If the tally matrixN is symmetric, then it is shown that the Markov process must be reversible and the reversibility matrixC equalss (R ^–1NR^–1), whereR is the diagonal matrix whosei ^th diagonal entry is the sum of the entries of thei ^th row ofN (for everyi) ands denotes the sum of all the entries ofN. Because a symmetric tally matrix is of special importance in applications, a ² test is proposed for determining, in the presence of experimental errors, whether such a matrix is symmetric.