THE STUDY OF RETRIEVAL THEORY AND METHODS FROM SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OVER EASTERN ASIA—PART Ⅱ:ISPRM AND VSPRM2

Based on the practice of improved simultaneous physical retrieval model(ISPRM),in the lightof the functional analysis approach,the variational simultaneous physical retrieval model(VSPRM)has been developed.Its approximation of 1st degree is VSPRM1,which is identicalwith the ISPRM.Its approximation of 2nd degree is VSPRM2,more advanced than the VSPRM1.This paper has analyzed the function of VSPRM2,pointing out the potentiality of synergy retrievalof this model.Also,it has dealt with the problem of parameterization of water vapor's kernelfunctions and retrieval of water vapor remote sensing.Because of the characteristics of this strong ill posed inverse problem,prior information mustbe used wisely in order to get the accurate calculation of radiance R.In the previous paper,wediscussed how to build the best first guess field,the way to determine the P_s and to correct thecalculation of radiance.In this paper,we continue discussing in depth about the calculation oftransmittance,the determination of surface parameters and the selection for an optimumcombination of channels for the low-level sounding.The long-term experiment and comparison work under operational environment have shownthat the ISPRM is useful for retrieval of temperature and water vapor parameters over Chinaincluding the Tibetan Plateau,and it further proves the scientific nature of well-posed inversetheory.     

The Study of In-Orbit Calibration Accuracy of NOAA Satellite Infrared Sounder and Its Effect on Temperature Profile Retrievals

The calibration accuracy of High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder Mod. 2 (HIRS / 2) on NOAA-10 satellite is analyzed in this paper. The non-linear effect in the linear calibration curve induces a deviation of 1.5 degrees (k) of brightness temperature in the tenth channel (8.3 um, water vapor absorption) of the HIRS/2 and the non-linear effect affects the other channels to a different extent. Based on analyzing non- linearity in two-point calibration curve, a tri-point calibration equation is given. A numerical test of effects of the linear and non-linear calibration models on the accuracy of atmospheric temperature retrievals is carried out.     

THE STUDY OF RETRIEVAL THEORY AND METHODS FROM SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OVER EASTERN ASIA-PARTI:ISPRM AND SRRM

A review of ten-year's practice in developing the improved simultaneous physical retrievalmethod(ISPRM)is given in the hope that some creative ideas can be drawn from it.Theimprovement upon the SPRM is associated with the under-determinedness of this ill-posed inverseproblem.In our experiment,the precondition is observed that prior information must beindependent of the satellite measurements.The well-posed retrieval theory has told us that theforward process is fundamental for the retrieval,and it is the bridge between the input of satelliteradiance and the output of retrievals.In order to obtain a better result from the forward process.the full advantage of every prior information available must be taken.It is necessary to turn the ill-posed inverse problem into the well-posed one.Then by using the Ridge regression or Bayesalgorithm to find the optimal combination among the first guess,the theoretical analogueinformation and the satellite observations,the impact of the under-determinedness of this inverseproblem on the numerical solution is minimized.     

核函数误差对气象卫星测温反演的影响

核函数的误差(简称KFE)是引起反演方程数值解不稳定的基本原因,也是物理反演法用于气象卫星多波段定量资料业务反演和判释的主要障碍。为了探索KFE和反演问题非适定性的内在联系,本文使用改进的Bayes和ТИХОНОВ-TWOMEY调整算法,根据不同的核函数宽度、待估参数的验前信息协方差矩阵,以及NOAA-7卫星的辐射率测值,通过求解设计的两个统计模式,初步地估计了KFE对温度廓线反演精度的影响,并对KFE在反演解中引起的系统和随机误差作了分析,为具体求解这类反演问题的完全解提供了可能性。     

卫星气象和气象卫星的发展:分析与建议

一、卫星气象理论的发展在苏联第一颗人造地球卫星上天之前,King就提出利用地球大气在某些波长放射的热辐射的角分布推算大气温度垂直分布的思想;Okaplan发展了King的思想,在1959年首次提出大气红外遥测(remote sensing)原理,发表了题为《从遥测辐射测值推断大气结构》的著名论文。随着空间和计算技术的迅速发展,Kaplan遥测原理受到越来越多的大气科学家、分子光谱学家、以及数学家的注意。1961年前后King、BenedictYamamoto、Wark和Twomey等分别独立地发表了有关根据大气光谱和辐射传递遥测     

卫星气象遥感和应用:现状、问题、前景

提要自1960年美国第一颗气象卫星上天以来,迄今大约100个气象卫星以及卫星气象的遥感理论和实践都已清楚表明:今后发展卫星气象遥感的目的,主要在于利用空间科技、电脑通信,以及大气光学和现代数学相结合的综合手段,回答人类迫切希望解决的重大问题.这些问题包括:全球异常天气过程、全球气候演变、全球辐射能量和水循环、全球海洋状态及其与大气圈、陆地圈和生物圈的相互作用效应,以及全球温室效应和大气微量气体变化等全球性变化.根据卫星气象发展的实际水平,本文讨论的重点是卫星气象被动遥感及其应用.     

应用Bayes算法估计核函数误差对大气温度廓线反演的影响

核函数的误差(简称KFE)是引起反演方程数值解不稳定的根本原因之一,也是物理反演法用于TOVS资料业务处理的基本障碍。本文基于Bayes算法和考虑KFE的适当统计假定,导出了估计KFE效应的方法。使用NOAA-7气象卫星测值,依据NFSDIS透过率资料算出的核函数,以及两年二月气候资料计算的协方差矩阵等数据,按此方法估计了KFE效应对温度廓线反演精度的影响,并对KFE引起反演解中的系统偏差和随机误差分量也作了定量计算,揭示出了系统偏差在非适定问题解中的主导作用。     

大气红外间接遥测方程的估计解和验前限制

在线性估计调整方法中研究如何考虑验前信息的方法,是发展估计算法的重要途径.为此,在文中根据十五通道理论权重函数和五个不同估计方法所得到的模拟数值试验结果,从估计模式所涉及的信息形式、不同形式验前限制的效应以及估计解的实际可解性等对估计解的精度和验前限制的内在联系进行了数值分析,确认TPRD1的解和验前信息之间具有最佳的统计结构.     

GOES的过去,现在和未来：我国静止气象卫星发展战略探索

文章从如下几个方面分析了美国发展ＧＯＥＳ的经验，并提出对于中国地球静止气象卫星发展战略的看法：发展ＧＯＥＳ的目标；ＧＯＥＳ的过去；ＧＯＥＳ的现状；为什么要发展高轨卫星全天候探测技术；ＧＯＥＳ－ＮＥＸＴ以及３点看法。     

东亚地区气象参数卫星遥感反演理论和方法研究I:ISPRM和SRRM

文中对10a来改进的同步物理反演方法（ISPRM）实践与发展进行了总结。在不违背先验信息和卫星测值之间独立的原则下,所做的改进都是针对这类非适定反演问题的欠定性（under－determinedness）进行的。由适定反演理论知道,正演是反演的基础,又是卫星辐射率测值输入和反演结果输出之间的桥梁。为了获得好的正演,就必须竭尽可能充分利用一切可以使用的先验信息,把非适定反演问题转化成适定的反演问题,从而通过Ridge回归或Bayes反演过程,把先验信息、理论模拟信息和卫星探测信息三者最佳地结合起来,以最大限度减少这类反演问题的欠定性对数值解的影响。