基于L波段探空观测的FY-4A云顶温度产品评估及其在冬季降水相态判识中的应用

利用2019—2021年冬季上海宝山站L波段探空资料对FY-4A云顶温度（CTT）产品进行评估,分析发现,FY-4A的云顶温度产品能够较好地反映单层云的云顶温度,对双层云或多层云的云顶温度则普遍高估（平均高估幅度超过14℃）;当探空观测到的云顶高度不超过6 km或云顶温度不低于-20℃时,FY-4A云顶温度产品误差较小,平均偏差约为3℃。根据2021—2022年冬季长三角地区地面站观测的降水现象统计云顶温度与降水相态的关系,并对典型个例进行分析,结果表明,云顶温度低是出现降雪的必要条件之一,绝大部分降雪出现在云顶温度低于-12℃的情况下。FY-4A的云顶温度产品时空分辨率高、精度尚可,可以辅助预报员判识雨雪落区,在雨雪转换过程的预报服务中有较大的应用潜力。     

THE EFFECTS OF STATION NETWORK DENSITY ON STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PRECIPITATION

In this paper, 1416 conventional ground-based meteorological observation stations on the mainland of China were subdivided into groups of differing spatial density. Data from each subgroup were then used to analyze variations in the tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation statistics derived from each subgroup across the mainland of China (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao), as well as in two regions (east China and south China) and three provinces (Guangdong, Hainan, and Jiangxi) between 1981 and 2010. The results showed that for the mainland of China, total precipitation, mean annual precipitation, mean daily precipitation, and its spatial distribution were the same regardless of the spatial density of the stations. However, some minor differences were evident with respect to precipitation extremes and their spatial distribution. Overall, there were no significant variations in the TC precipitation statistics calculated from different station density schemes for the mainland of China. The regional and provincial results showed no significant differences in mean daily precipitation, but this was not the case for the maximum daily precipitation and torrential rain frequency. The maximum daily precipitation calculated from the lower-density station data was slightly less than that based on the higher-density station schemes, and this effect should be taken into consideration when interpreting regional climate statistics. The impact of station density on TC precipitation characteristics was more obvious for Hainan than for Guangdong or Jiangxi provinces. In addition, the effects were greater for south China (including Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces) than east China (including Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces). Furthermore, the analysis proved that the statistical climatic characteristics began to change significantly when the station spacing was between 40 and 50 km, which are close to the mean spacing for all stations across the mainland of China. Moreover, TC areal precipitation parameters, including mean total areal precipitation and mean daily areal precipitation, also began to change significantly when the spacing was between 40 and 50 km, and were completely different when it was between 100 and 200 km.     

A STUDY ON THE ENSEMBLE FORECAST REAL-TIME CORRECTION METHOD

Using real-time correction technology for typhoons, this paper discusses real-time correction for forecasting the track of four typhoons during 2009 and 2010 in Japan, Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. It was determined that the short-time forecast effect was better than the original objective mode. By selecting four types of integration schemes after multiple mode path integration for those four objective modes, the forecast effect of the multi-mode path integration is better, on average, than any single model. Moreover, multi-mode ensemble forecasting has obvious advantages during the initial 36h.     

我国螺旋度的研究及应用

对自20世纪90年代以来至今国内关于螺旋度理论及应用研究工作进行了较系统地总结,将螺旋度归类为垂直螺旋度、水平螺旋度及完全螺旋度,同时又将垂直螺旋度划分为局地垂直螺旋度和积分垂直螺旋度,详细介绍并给出了每一类螺旋度的计算表达式以及其在天气诊断分析中的应用状况,对螺旋度的应用研究现状进行了简单地分析与讨论,最后展望了未来螺旋度研究与应用的发展方向。     

1999—2003年西北太平洋热带气旋综合预报的误差分析

应用1999—2003年中国中央气象台 (CMO)、日本气象厅 (JMA) 以及美国联合台风警报中心 (JTWC) 发布的西北太平洋热带气旋综合预报资料, 从总误差、逐年误差趋势、不同海区误差、不同路径趋势误差、不同强度趋势误差等5个方面对各预报中心的路径及强度预报结果进行分析, 结果表明:5年总的平均误差以JTWC的路径预报误差最小, 而JMA的强度预报较准确; 在不同海域, 各预报中心的路径预报能力各有优势, 但在热带气旋的强度预报方面, JMA的方法在各海区都较稳定; 对不同路径趋势热带气旋的预报方面, 除了南海转向热带气旋的路径预报比JMA和CMO稍差一些之外, JTWC的路径预报在大多数情况下都是好于或相当于JMA和CMO; 在不同强度变化趋势热带气旋的预报方面, JTWC在大多数情况下都优于其他中心。上述结果帮助业务和科技人员全面了解各预报中心的预报能力优劣, 也为今后改进我国的热带气旋预报提供有益的参考。     

弱窄带回波在分析和预报强对流天气中的应用

灵敏的多普勒雷达经常能探测到弱窄带回波,这些弱窄带回波一般对应于边界层的辐合线,对弱窄带回波的仔细分析有利于及早做出强对流天气的临近预报以及对其发展变化作深入了解。文章结合发生在上海的3次强对流天气个例,详细分析了弱窄带回波在分析和预报强对流天气中的作用,得出以下结论:(1)上游移动强回波的出流边界导致的弱窄带回波是大风预警的重要判断参考;(2)在合适的层结状态和抬升条件下,弱窄带回波会强烈发展,并导致局地雷雨大风,这类强对流天气的发展有两个比较重要的阶段:弱窄带回波上初始回波的发展和回波跃增;(3)下击暴流造成的地面出流在雷达回波上表现为近似圆弧的弱窄带回波,这种弱窄带回波与其他雷达观测特征以及地面观测相结合,有助于对产生下击暴流的对流云的发生发展过程进行细致分析。     

台风珍珠和鲇鱼北折路径对比分析

“珍珠”（0601,Chanchu）和“鲇鱼”（1013,Megi）都是发生北折路径的台风,通过分析发现导致台风珍珠和鲇鱼路径北折的天气形势变化有一些相同点：都发生在环境场的调整中,有西风槽影响华南的副热带高压,使之减弱东退、台风移速减慢,然后副热带高压加强并从台风南部向西南伸展、与赤道高压打通,其西侧的偏南气流与越赤道气流会合引导台风向北移动;同时有弱冷空气南侵。上述环境场的突然变化导致引导气流方向发生突然变化,是这两个台风西行北折的重要原因。引导气流分析还发现,秋台风鲇鱼最佳引导气流所在高度低于初夏台风珍珠。另外,不同的路径预报方法、不同的模式和超级集合预报提供了各种台风路径预报信息,在应用这些信息时要密切结合实况天气形势的变化,进行路径预报订正。     

“20160227”青岛水上交通事故的气象条件分析和预报反思

结合各种观测资料和数值模式产品,对"20160227"青岛水上交通事故的气象条件和预报进行了分析和反思,发现:(1)事故海域附近的大雾区首先在青岛近海海域的南侧发展,之后逐渐向北向东扩展,但最远也仅限于离海岸线约50~60 km处,局地性较强;(2)大雾发展过程中,平流和辐射效应均有体现。业务数值模式对此次大雾均无有效预报,显示对近海大雾而言,现阶段预报技术水平仍不高;(3)从我国海洋气象预报业务分工看,现阶段各省级或地市级的海洋气象业务均存在人员素质不高、人员配备不足、预报产品针对性不足、临时或应急预报产品的传输效率不高等问题,严重制约相关责任海区的海洋气象业务水平。未来需要发展业务可用的集合预报系统,才可能对海雾预报有更好的客观支撑。而现有的业务技术体系中,省市级台站应注重天气形势和最新实况的配合分析,着力提升海雾短临预警水平。     

双线偏振雷达识别冰雹的数值研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的三维冰雹云模式,详细地讨论了云雨衰减作用和云中各粒子共存于同一空间给双线偏振雷达识别冰雹带来的影响.在实际工作中,分析双线偏振雷达的回波时,这些讨论结果对分析和理解云降水过程有帮助.另外,本工作能为改装双线偏振雷达提供有益的理论参考.     

一次强对流天气中尺度涡旋结构和冰雹落区分析

利用临沂新一代天气雷达资料和中尺度数值模式MM5,模拟分析了2005年6月18日临沂市一次强对流天气过程.分析表明:强对流天气过程丰要发生在高空干冷气流、低空暖湿气流的不稳定大气层结下,影响系统为中层700 hPa的中尺度涡旋.涡旋的生成机制为:在西南风的背景场上,两北气流和东南气流分别从高空和低空向其嵌入,形成了巾尺度气旋性涡旋.该涡旋风场和温湿场结构东西不对称,冰雹落区主要位于涡旋中心东南侧;雷达回波的演变分析表明,强回波区回波强度中心由低到高几乎呈垂直分布;降雹过程中,回波强度增强,回波顶下降,VIL值迅速减小.